The prime minister is the head of government and serves five-year terms. The leader of the majority coalition formed after parliamentary elections is appointed prime minister by the monarch, the grand duke. Prime Minister Xavier Bettel of the Democratic Party (DP) was appointed in 2013 following the parliamentary elections. The elections were viewed as credible by international observers. Luxembourg’s head of state is Grand Duke Henri, whose powers are largely ceremonial.

The unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, consists of 60 members elected to five-year terms by proportional representation. The last parliamentary elections were held in 2013. Former prime minister Jean-Claude Juncker’s Christian Social People’s Party (CSV) captured 23 seats, down from 26 in the 2009 elections. The Luxembourg Socialist Workers’ Party (LSAP) and the DP each won 13 seats, the Green Party took 6 seats, and smaller parties won the remaining 5 seats. The elections were held seven months early as a result of the collapse of Juncker’s government, and were conducted credibly according to observers. The DP built a coalition with the LSAP and the Green Party to form a government.

The electoral laws and framework are considered fair, and are generally implemented impartially. Voting is compulsory for Luxembourg’s citizens. In February 2017, the government passed a law allowing postal ballots for all citizens. Foreigners constitute nearly half of the population and are allowed to vote in local elections.

The political system is open to the establishment of new parties, which do not face undue obstacles in their formation. There are three parties that have traditionally dominated politics: the CSV, historically aligned with the Catholic Church; the LSAP, a formerly radical but now center-left party representing the working class; and the DP, which favors free-market economic policies.

The opposition has a realistic opportunity to gain power through elections. Both the DP and the Green Party were in the opposition before forming the governing coalition with the LSAP in 2013. The CSV, which had dominated politics since 1945, was shut out of power for the first time since 1979.

The people’s political choices are generally free from domination by any democratically unaccountable groups.

Women participate actively in politics, and the government has taken measures to encourage greater women’s participation. In 2016, parliament passed a law mandating that 40 percent of each party’s candidates in elections be women; parties risk losing a portion of their public financing if they do not meet the quota. Minority groups are free to participate in politics as well.

The prime minister and parliament determine the government’s policies.

Corruption is not widespread in Luxembourg, and allegations of corruption are generally investigated and prosecuted. However, the Council of Europe’s Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) has criticized the government for lacking a comprehensive strategy to prevent corruption. Additionally, rules on accepting gifts, lobbying, and mitigating conflicts of interest after government officials leave office are lacking.

Cabinet members are obligated to disclose any shares in companies that they own, but there are no penalties for those who do not cooperate. There is no comprehensive access to information law in place, and in practice, the media and civil society groups often have difficulty obtaining official government information.

Freedom of the press is guaranteed by the constitution and generally respected in practice. A single conglomerate, RTL, dominates broadcast radio and television. Press outlets usually represent a broad range of opinions. Internet access is not restricted.

Freedom of religion is largely respected in practice. The state pays the salaries of clergy from a variety of Christian groups. Islamic clergy, however, are not supported by the government. A law passed in 2016 ended the practice of the government paying the salaries of any clergy that began their careers after 2016. In 2017, Prime Minister Bettel’s government introduced reforms to increase the separation of church and state, including a July law passed by parliament that ends religious instruction at public schools.

Academic freedom is generally respected in practice.

Freedom of expression is largely respected, and individuals can express their political views without fear of retribution.

Freedom of assembly is guaranteed by the constitution and generally respected in practice.

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are largely free to operate without any undue restrictions.

Luxembourgers are free to organize in trade unions, and approximately 41 percent of the workforce is unionized. While the right to strike is not explicitly guaranteed by the constitution, it is protected by case law stemming from a 1952 Court of Cessation ruling.

Judicial independence is generally upheld. In March 2017, the minister of justice presented plans to create a Supreme Judicial Council, which would be responsible for nominating judges; the grand duke currently nominates judges. Civil society leaders believe that the proposed legislation would further strengthen judicial independence. The reforms were still being debated by parliament at the end of 2017.

Due process is largely upheld in criminal and civil matters. Defendants have the right to a fair and public trial, and this right is generally respected. Trials can be lengthy because many defendants are foreign nationals, and cases often involve other foreigners.

Luxembourg is free from war and insurgencies. Protections against the illegitimate use of force are adequate.

Discrimination on the basis of race, religion, disability, age, gender, or sexual orientation is prohibited by law. The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are generally respected. Xavier Bettel became the nation’s first openly gay prime minister in 2013.

Despite reductions in the gender pay gap and an increase in the labor participation rate in recent years, women hold significantly fewer positions of power than men; according to government statistics, only 20 percent of people serving on boards of directors are women.

Individuals generally enjoy freedom of movement and choice of residence, employment, and institution of higher education.

The rights to own property and operate private businesses are legally protected and respected in practice.

Same-sex marriage has been legal since 2014 and same-sex couples have full adoption rights. Abortions are legal within the first trimester of pregnancy, although women must wait three days before the procedure and are required to receive counseling. Additionally, women must determine themselves to be “in distress,” a condition that is confirmed in the required counseling session, before receiving an abortion.

Luxembourgers generally enjoy equality of opportunity. Occasional cases of forced labor in the construction and food service industries have been reported, especially among migrant workers.