The president is directly elected for up to two consecutive five-year terms. The prime minister, who holds most day-to-day executive authority, is formally appointed by the president based on legislative election results and is responsible to the National Assembly.

Incumbent president Jorge Carlos Fonseca of the MpD was reelected in October 2016 with 74 percent of the vote. His main challenger was independent Albertino Graça, who took about 23 percent. The voting was generally considered free and fair. Correia e Silva, also of the MpD, had been appointed as prime minister in April, following the legislative elections in March.

Members of the 72-seat National Assembly are directly elected in multimember constituencies to serve five-year terms. In the March 2016 elections, the MpD, then in opposition, won 40 seats. The governing African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV) was reduced to 29 seats, and the Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union (UCID) took three. International observers found the elections to be largely free and fair.

The legal framework provides for fair and competitive elections. The National Elections Commission, whose members are elected by a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly, is generally considered impartial, despite some criticism of its performance.

There are no significant impediments to the formation and competition of political parties. A number of different parties are active, though only the PAIGC and the MpD have held power at the national level.

There have been three democratic transfers of power between the PAIGC and the MpD since independence in 1975. The most recent was in 2016, when Correia e Silva replaced José Maria Pereira Neves of the PAIGC as prime minister.

The political choices of voters and candidates are free from undue external influence. However, there were some reports of vote buying and of voters being pressured near polling stations in 2016.

Women have full and equal political rights, but traditional social constraints have impaired their participation somewhat in practice. Women won 17 seats in the 2016 National Assembly elections.

The prime minister and cabinet determine the policies of the government, under the supervision of the National Assembly and the president. The government is able to implement laws and policies without undue interference from unelected entities.

Cape Verde has relatively low levels of corruption overall, but bribery and nepotism have been problems at the municipal level in particular. Allegations of graft have surrounded costly infrastructure projects and other spending measures in recent years.

The current government has taken a number of steps to improve transparency, including the publication of more information about state operations and finances online. The government generally adheres to legal guarantees of public access to information. However, many officeholders fail to comply with rules requiring them to declare their personal assets and income.

Freedom of the press is guaranteed by law and generally respected in practice, although Article 105 of the electoral code prohibits media organizations from disseminating opinions on or criticism of parties and candidates after a certain date in the campaign period. Both public and privately owned media are for the most part free and independent from government control, though public remarks by the culture minister about hiring and programming at state-owned media in March 2017 raised concerns about improper government meddling, drawing objections from the journalists’ union. The main constraints affecting the media are precarious finances—which undermine journalists’ job security and ability to engage in more in-depth reporting—and a degree of self-censorship among journalists.

The constitution establishes the separation of church and state, though the Roman Catholic Church receives some special privileges. While all religious groups are required to register with the Justice Ministry to obtain tax and other benefits, the process is not restrictive, and there are no limitations on freedom of worship.

Academic freedom is respected, and the educational system is not affected by political indoctrination.

There are no significant constraints on individuals’ freedom of expression. The government is not known to engage in online surveillance or improper monitoring of personal communications.

Freedom of assembly is legally guaranteed and observed in practice. There have been no recent reports of prosecutions related to participation in protests or demonstrations.

Numerous nongovernmental organizations operate freely in the country, focusing on a variety of social, economic, environmental, and cultural issues. International human rights institutions, local organizations, and journalists are able to monitor prison conditions and other human rights indicators without government interference.

The constitution protects the right to unionize, and workers may form and join unions in practice. The state generally does not interfere with union activity. However, labor unions have complained that the government restricts the right to strike in broadly defined essential industries, and formal collective bargaining is reportedly uncommon in the private sector.

The judiciary is independent, though the courts are overburdened and understaffed.

Police and prosecutors generally observe legal safeguards against arbitrary arrest and detention. Defense attorneys are provided to indigent defendants. However, due to the limited capacity of the court system, there are often delays in detainees’ first hearing before a judge, and many cases are dropped because defendants in detention are denied a timely trial.

Law enforcement officials are sometimes accused of excessive force, but perpetrators are reportedly investigated and punished by oversight bodies. Although the country is generally free from major violence or unrest, street crime and smuggling have been growing problems in recent years. Prison conditions are poor, with some facilities subject to overcrowding.

Discrimination based on gender is prohibited by law, but wage discrimination and unequal access to education persist for women. Immigrants also tend to face discriminatory treatment by employers. Same-sex sexual activity is not criminalized, and the law provides protections against job discrimination based on sexual orientation.

Individual freedom of movement is recognized by law, and there are no significant restrictions in practice.

Property rights are generally respected. The legal framework and government policies are supportive of private business activity, though obstacles such as corruption and legal and bureaucratic inefficiency remain a concern.

Personal social freedoms are generally protected, including in matters of marriage and family law. Authorities enforce laws against rape and domestic abuse, but such violence remains a serious problem, and insufficient public resources are dedicated to supporting and protecting victims.

The law prohibits forced labor and other exploitative practices, and the government actively enforces such safeguards in the formal sector. However, migrant workers who lack employment contracts remain vulnerable to abuses, and children are reportedly exposed to sex trafficking and illegal work in agriculture or domestic service.