Antigua and Barbuda
PR Political Rights | 33 40 |
CL Civil Liberties | 52 60 |

Antigua and Barbuda is a democracy that holds regular elections. Corruption in government is a concern, and women and LGBT+ people are underrepresented in politics and experience some discrimination. In 2017, Hurricane Irma devastated Barbuda: the entire island was evacuated, and many residents lost their livelihoods. The government has since sought to weaken the island’s longstanding system of communal land rights. The country’s citizenship-by-investment program is a key element of its economy, but its operation has come under international scrutiny.
- In June, Antigua and Barbuda’s final appellate court, the UK-based Privy Council, rejected a challenge to the Paradise Found Act 2015, which the appellants argued violated their constitutional right of “protection from deprivation of property” and infringed on communal land rights in Barbuda. The ruling raised concerns among Barbudans about environmental harms and erosion of property rights associated with plans for greater development on the island.
- In July, the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court ruled that elements of the country’s Sexual Offences Act were unconstitutional, effectively abolishing the criminal prohibition of same-sex sexual relations. The court also held that a constitutional prohibition on sex discrimination also bans discrimination based on “gender identity, sexual character, and sexual orientation.”
- In May, the government ratified the International Labour Organization’s Violence and Harassment Convention. The document recognizes the right to go to work without experiencing violence and harassment, with an emphasis on abuses experienced by women in the workplace. It also recognizes the effects of domestic violence on women’s ability to work.
Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections? | 4.004 4.004 |
The country’s 1981 constitution establishes a parliamentary system, with a governor general representing the British monarch as ceremonial head of state. The prime minister is the head of government and is typically the leader of the majority party elected to Parliament. The Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party (ABLP) leader Gaston Browne maintained his position as prime minister after his party won a majority in the 2018 parliamentary elections.
Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections? | 4.004 4.004 |
The bicameral parliament is composed of a 17-seat Senate, whose members are appointed by the governor general, and the House of Representatives, whose 17 members are directly elected in single-seat constituencies, by means of a simple majority; representatives serve five-year terms.
The governing ABLP took 59 percent of the total vote and won 15 constituencies in the 2018 elections. The main opposition United Progressive Party (UPP) took 37 percent of the vote, but only one constituency. Observers deemed the polls generally competitive and credible. The Barbuda Council also holds regular elections.
Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies? | 4.004 4.004 |
Electoral laws are generally fair and are implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies. However, since 1984, the electoral boundaries of Antigua and Barbuda have shifted only slightly, which has created a significant disparity in the range of constituency sizes: from 1,138 (St. Phillip South) to 4,878 (St. George).
Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings? | 3.003 4.004 |
Political parties can organize and operate freely. While there are several small political parties in the country, elections have been won by either the ABLP or the UPP since 1994. The first-past-the-post electoral system makes it very difficult for smaller, less well-established parties to gain representation in the House of Representatives.
Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections? | 4.004 4.004 |
There are realistic opportunities for opposition parties to increase their support or gain power through elections. Power has alternated frequently between the ABLP and UPP.
Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means? | 3.003 4.004 |
People’s political choices are generally free from the influence of nondemocratic actors. However, a lack of transparency for party and campaign financing has given rise to concerns about the potential influence of unknown domestic and foreign interests over political candidates. The most significant case was that of R. Allen Stanford, a US citizen who was an influential figure in Antigua, and established a bank in the country from which he ran a multibillion-dollar Ponzi scheme.
Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities? | 3.003 4.004 |
Women are underrepresented in politics, and only two women were elected to the House of Representatives in 2018. LGBT+ people are marginalized and face discrimination, impacting their ability to engage fully in political processes.
Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government? | 3.003 4.004 |
The elected prime minister, cabinet, and parliament determine government policies. There are some concerns about the influence of businesses on policymaking.
Tensions between the central government and residents and representatives from Barbuda have grown as the government has sought to weaken the Barbuda Land Act of 2007, which guaranteed that land on Barbuda was communally owned by Barbudans and that their consent was required for its purchase and development. The Barbuda Council has resisted the Browne government’s plans to develop the island. In 2020, the Council called for the secession of Barbuda, while the government accused the Council of treason and threatened to remove it from the country’s constitution.
Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective? | 2.002 4.004 |
Government corruption remains a concern, and anticorruption laws are enforced unevenly. Authorities have been criticized for doing little to investigate local official wrongdoing in several high-profile cases.
Antigua’s Citizenship by Investment (CBI) Program and Permanent Residence Certificate, in which individuals can be granted citizenship or residency in exchange for a sizable business investment or contribution, have been scrutinized in recent years. In March 2022, US legislators introduced the No Travel for Traffickers Act, making countries that operate CBI programs ineligible for the US visa waiver program. Also in March, Antigua suspended CBI applications from Russian and Belarusian nationals in response to the full-scale Russian military invasion of Ukraine. The European Parliament recommended in March that visa-free access into the European Union (EU) for countries operating CBIs should be restricted.
Does the government operate with openness and transparency? | 3.003 4.004 |
The government of Antigua and Barbuda has gradually improved its accountability structures, but there are deficiencies in how the Public Accounts Committee and the auditor general operate. Public officials must disclose all income, assets and personal gifts received in their official capacity in a confidential report to the Integrity Commission. Resource deficiencies have impeded the commission’s ability to investigate corrupt individuals. Despite the Procurement and Contract Management Act of 2011, concerns remain about public procurement—notably regarding the expertise of procurement officials, the completeness of documentation, and that some applications are made retroactively, often with a waiver being requested.
Are there free and independent media? | 3.003 4.004 |
Press freedom is generally respected in Antigua and Barbuda. Criminal defamation was abolished in 2015. However, under the Sedition and Undesirable Publications Act, seditious libel is a criminal offence punishable by a maximum of two years in prison and a maximum fine of $5,000. Journalists remain at risk of libel suits from politicians subject to media scrutiny. The prime minister has characterized the often-critical Observer as “fake news” and a threat to the country.
Most media outlets are concentrated among a small number of firms affiliated with either the ABLP or UPP.
Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private? | 4.004 4.004 |
The constitution provides for freedom of worship as well as the right to practice and change religion, and these freedoms are generally respected. A law outlawing blasphemous language is not enforced.
Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination? | 4.004 4.004 |
Academic freedom is generally respected.
Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution? | 4.004 4.004 |
Individuals are generally free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics.
Is there freedom of assembly? | 4.004 4.004 |
Freedom of assembly is guaranteed under the constitution, and the government generally respects these rights in practice.
Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work? | 3.003 4.004 |
The country’s few nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are active, though inadequately funded and often influenced by the government. The NGO Women Against Rape was one of the plaintiffs in the successful 2022 case challenging the criminalization of same-sex relations.
Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations? | 3.003 4.004 |
Labor unions can organize freely and bargain collectively. Workers providing essential services must give notice two weeks before intent to strike. However, the International Labour Organization (ILO) has described the list of essential services as excessively broad. Strikes are rare.
Is there an independent judiciary? | 4.004 4.004 |
The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, which is generally respected by the government. In 2018, voters rejected in a referendum the adoption of the Caribbean Court of Justice as their highest appellate court. Thus, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, based in London, retains that role.
In recent years, the courts have increasingly asserted independence from the ABLP government, with the support of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.
Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters? | 3.003 4.004 |
Constitutional guarantees of due process are mostly upheld. However, prisoners on remand often remain in jail for an average of three to four years before their cases are heard.
Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies? | 4.004 4.004 |
Residents of Antigua and Barbuda do not face any significant security threats. However, in 2021 the number of homicides increased dramatically, with 16 homicides compared to 9 in 2020. Ten homicides were recorded in 2022. Gun-related crimes have also increased in recent years.
Prisons are severely overcrowded, and conditions within them are poor. The occupancy rate as of September 2022 was 155 percent.
Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population? | 3.003 4.004 |
The 2005 Equal Opportunity Act bars discrimination based on race, gender, class, political affinity, or place of origin. There are no specific laws prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities. Mental health services require improvement and people with physical disabilities are stigmatized and underemployed. Societal norms discourage participation of women in some sectors of the economy, and few women hold leadership positions in businesses.
In July 2022, the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court ruled that elements of the country’s Sexual Offences Act were unconstitutional, effectively decriminalizing same-sex sexual relations. The court found that certain sections went against a person’s “right to liberty, protection of the law, freedom of expression, protection of personal property, and protection from discrimination on the basis of sex.” The court also held that a constitutional provision prohibiting sex discrimination also prohibits discrimination based on “gender identity, sexual character, and sexual orientation.” The court further ruled that “persons” must replace “a male person and a female person” in sections of the act defining intercourse.
Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education? | 4.004 4.004 |
Individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education.
Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors? | 3.003 4.004 |
Many Barbudans forced to evacuate the island due to Hurricane Irma in 2017 opposed moves by lawmakers in Antigua to eliminate the communal land ownership system that governed the island for almost two centuries, and instead establish private land ownership.
The development of a multimillion-dollar private resort on Barbuda has driven tensions between the Browne government and Barbudan population and their representatives, who are concerned about the environmental impacts of the development. The Browne government has threatened those who attempt to obstruct the plans with jail time. In June, Antigua and Barbuda’s final appellate court, the UK-based Privy Council, rejected a challenge to the Paradise Found Act 2015, which the appellants argued violated their constitutional right of “protection from deprivation of property” and infringed on communal land rights in Barbuda.
Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance? | 3.003 4.004 |
The Domestic Violence Act of 2015 strengthened punishments for perpetrators of domestic violence and laid out a process for victims to obtain an order of protection. However, domestic violence remains a serious problem.
In October, Antigua’s House of Representatives passed the Sexual Offenders Registry Bill, enacting increased monitoring of sex offenders and facilitating the sharing of information among jurisdictions. Debate on the bill involved balancing concerns between protecting victims and allowing for the rehabilitation of remorseful offenders.
Same-sex marriage and civil partnerships are not recognized.
Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation? | 3.003 4.004 |
Antigua and Barbuda is a destination and transit country for the trafficking of men, women, and children for the purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation. Government efforts to address the problem are inadequate, but progress is being made, according to the US State Department’s 2022 Trafficking in Persons report.
Compulsory labor is prohibited by law.
In May 2022, the government ratified the ILO’s Violence and Harassment Convention. The document recognizes the right to go to work without experiencing violence and harassment with an emphasis on abuses experienced by women in the workplace, a well as the effects of domestic violence on women’s ability to work.

Country Facts
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Global Freedom Score
85 100 free