Poland

Poland’s democratic institutions took root at the start of its transition from communist rule in 1989. Rapid economic growth and other societal changes have benefited some segments of the population more than others, contributing to a deep divide between liberal, pro-European parties and those purporting to defend national interests and “traditional” Polish Catholic values. Since taking power in late 2015, a coalition led by the populist, socially conservative Law and Justice (PiS) party has enacted numerous measures that have increased political influence over state institutions and damaged Poland’s democratic progress. Recent years have seen an increase in nationalist, homophobic, and discriminatory rhetoric.