Philippines
A Obstacles to Access | 16 25 |
B Limits on Content | 26 35 |
C Violations of User Rights | 22 40 |

Continuing its downward trajectory, internet freedom in the Philippines declined yet again during the coverage period due to COVID-19 emergency provisions limiting free-expression rights and the forced closure of one of the country’s largest news outlets, ABS-CBN. Signaling the shrinking space for critical speech online, authorities ramped up arrests of users amid the pandemic and continued their legal cases against online news site Rappler. Meanwhile, online intimidation and harassment of those criticizing the government continued, as did technical attacks against news outlets and civil society groups.
The Philippines’ decline in internet freedom has occurred amidst an erosion of political and civil rights under President Rodrigo Duterte, whose war on drugs has led to thousands of extrajudicial killings since 2016. Although the Philippines transitioned from authoritarian rule in 1986, the rule of law and application of justice are haphazard and heavily favor political and economic elites. Impunity remains the norm for crimes against activists and journalists.
- In May 2020, the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) ordered ABS-CBN, one of the country’s largest news networks, to close, after Congress failed to renew its broadcast license, despite several bills introduced to do so. President Duterte routinely criticized the network and previously threatened not to renew its license (see B6).
- The government’s emergency COVID-19 decree, the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, restricted free-expression rights online and further criminalized certain forms of online speech, leading to users being arrested and charged for their social media posts about the pandemic (see C1, C2, and C3).
- Criminal cases against Rappler CEO Maria Ressa and former researcher Reynaldo Santos Jr. continued during the coverage period. Ressa and Santos were found guilty of cyberlibel in June 2020, after the end of the coverage period (see C3).
- The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 worked its way through the legislature during the coverage period, and was signed into law in July 2020. The law includes broad language that could be used to prosecute online speech, allows law enforcement agencies and the military to conduct surveillance for a longer period of time, and legalizes detentions lasting up to 24 days without a warrant (see C2 and C5).
Internet penetration and average connection speeds continue to improve in the Philippines. The Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) has begun piloting the National Broadband Plan (NBP) to lower costs and improve connectivity, and a third telecommunications entity is set to start commercial operations in March 2021, in the hopes of fostering more robust competition in the industry and improving service. The government signed an agreement with Facebook to build high-speed internet infrastructure in the northern part of the country, and the resulting facility is set to open in 2020. However, authorities also ordered the shutdown of mobile phone networks during major events in several cities in 2020.
Do infrastructural limitations restrict access to the internet or the speed and quality of internet connections? | 4.004 6.006 |
At the beginning of 2020, the Philippines had a reported internet penetration rate of just over 67 percent of the country's total population of 108.8 million, according to Hootsuite, a social media management platform.1 The Inclusive Internet Index 2020 report ranked the Philippines 63rd out of 100 countries in terms of availability, which was determined by quality and breadth of available infrastructure.2 Internet usage via mobile devices far outweighs fixed-line connectivity. There were 68.4 active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2018.3 As of 2017, there were only 5.5 fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.4
Both mobile and fixed broadband download speeds in the Philippines decreased slightly compared to last year, standing at 12.09 and 21 Mbps, respectively. Speeds remain relatively low compared to global averages of 30.89 Mbps for mobile speeds and 74.74 Mbps for fixed broadband speeds.5
A number of projects are underway to improve access. In 2015, the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Office of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)—now the DICT—launched a project that aimed to provide free Wi-Fi in some public places in the country. To institutionalize the project, President Duterte signed legislation in 2017 creating the Free Internet Access Program. The law requires public places such as transport terminals, hospitals, schools, and government offices to provide free Wi-Fi at major congregation points.6 As of April 2020, the DICT reported that it installed 3,832 hotspots.7 In another effort aimed at providing free, high-speed Wi-Fi, Google Philippines partnered with Smart Communications to implement the Google Station project in February 2019, establishing free Wi-Fi stations.8 At the launch of the project, 50 Wi-Fi stations were established. In 2020, the DICT aims to roll out another 10,000 Wi-Fi access points.9 It also intends to enter arrangements to build common towers that will provide faster and cheaper internet service in the country.10
In 2017, the president approved the launch of the Government Satellite Network (GSN), to be implemented by the Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO), to transmit government-created videos, photos, and audio (see B5).11 The GSN is expected to provide internet connectivity to barangays, or local villages, that currently have none.12
In 2017, the DICT and the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) signed a landing party agreement with Facebook for a project to build high-speed internet infrastructure that will improve the speed, affordability, and accessibility of broadband and internet access in the country.13 In exchange for using Facebook’s facility, which is set to open in the fall of 2020, the Philippine government will get 2 Tbps of international bandwidth free of charge.14 The DICT intends to use this bandwidth to support its free Wi-Fi program, and provide inexpensive internet to small service providers.
With the COVID-19 pandemic, internet usage and data traffic has surged in parts of the country, with more people relying on the internet to keep informed, as well as to work from home.15 The DICT directed the NTC to ensure consistent and reliable telecommunications services in the country.16 Wi-Fi terminals were set up in areas designated as quarantine areas, as well as in COVID-19 monitoring and control centers.17 However, the pandemic has also exposed the country’s technology infrastructure weaknesses, including the need to build more cell sites and lay fiber-optic cables that will connect to homes.18
- 1Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: The Philippines,” DataReportal,, February 18, 2020, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-philippines.
- 2“Availability rankings – Philippines,” The Inclusive Internet Index 2020, The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020, https://theinclusiveinternet.eiu.com/explore/countries/PH/performance/i….
- 3“Philippines Profile (2018),” International Telecommunications Union, 2019, https://www.itu.int/itu-d/apis/clients/res/pdf/country_profile/report_P….
- 4“Measuring the Information Society Report 2017,” Measuring the Information Society Report 2017, Vol. 2, ICT Country profiles, International Telecommunications Union, 2017, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/misr2017….
- 5“Global speeds April 2020,” Speedtest, June 2, 2020, https://www.speedtest.net/global-index/philippines.
- 6“Republic Act No. 10929,” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, August 2, 2017, http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2017/08/02/republic-act-no-10929/.
- 7Bernadette Tamayo, “Make internet more affordable, govt urged,” The Manila Times, June 1, 2020, https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/06/01/news/top-stories/make-internet-m….
- 8Janvic Mateo, "Google, Smart establish free WiFi stations," Philippine Star, February 15, 2019, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/15/1893840/google-smart-esta….
- 9Newsbytes.PH, “DICT sets 2020 goals, sees 3rd telco operating by Q4,” Newsbytes.PH, January 2, 2020, http://newsbytes.ph/2020/01/dict-sets-2020-goals-sees-3rd-telco-operati….
- 10Raymond Carl Dela Cruz, “DICT to issue common tower policy in March,” Philippine News Agency, February 26, 2020, https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1094897.
- 11Ruth Abbey Gita, "Duterte approves launch of government satellite network in 2018," SunStar Manila, December 6, 2017, http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/12/06/duterte-approves….
- 12Jelly Musico, "PCOO rolls out gov't satellite news network in 42k barangays starting June," Philippine News Agency, February 28, 2018, http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1026826.
- 13Roy Stephen C. Canivel, "PH partners with Facebook to build high-speed internet infrastructure," Philippine Daily Inquirer, November 15, 2017, http://technology.inquirer.net/69252/dict-bcda-high-speed-internet-luzo….
- 14Miguel R. Camus, “PH Internet deal with Facebook a go by September 2020 – DICT,” Cebu Daily News, May 18, 2020, https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/311087/ph-internet-deal-with-faceboo….
- 15Darwin G. Amojelar, “Telecoms ready to manage surge in data traffic amid Luzon quarantine,” Manila Standard, March 23, 2020, https://www.manilastandard.net/business/it-telecom/320237/telecoms-read….
- 16“DICT: Telcos and ISPs must provide ample bandwidth and signal during Covid-19 situation,” dict.gov.ph, March 16, 2020, https://dict.gov.ph/dict-telcos-and-isps-must-provide-ample-bandwidth-a….
- 17Raymond Carl Dela Cruz, “Free Wi-fi terminals installed in Covid-19 patient care centers,” Philippine News Agency, April 16, 2020, https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1100083.
- 18“DICT official on current technology infrastructure in PH: “Kulang na kulang’,” ABS-CBN News, May 2, 2020, https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/05/02/20/dict-official-on-current-tec….
Is access to the internet prohibitively expensive or beyond the reach of certain segments of the population for geographical, social, or other reasons? | 1.001 3.003 |
A digital divide exists in the Philippines, mainly around cost and geography.
Connectivity is most concentrated in densely populated urban areas, while many poor, rural areas remain largely underserved.1 To bridge this gap, the Duterte administration launched the NBP in 2017, which aims to lower costs and improve broadband connectivity.2 In October 2018, the DICT began a pilot test of its fiber-optic backbone facility.3 In February 2019, the department received a 23.8 million Philippine peso ($460,000) grant from the US government to support the implementation of the national broadband network.4
According to the Inclusive Internet Index 2020 report, the Philippines ranks 82nd out of 100 surveyed countries in terms of affordability, defined by cost of access relative to income and the level of competition in the internet marketplace.5 While affordability of smartphones and mobile data is still a major problem, the 2019 Affordability Report noted an improvement in the Philippines, moving up 5 notches to place 25th out of 61 countries.6 The report cites policy changes, such as the required public consultations in regulatory decision-making, as well as the establishment of over 2,200 TECH4ED centers since 2015, as positive contributions to the country’s ICT market.7
- 1Mari Chrys Pablo, "Internet Inaccessibility plagues ‘Social media capital of the world’,” The Asia Foundation, October 24, 2018, https://asiafoundation.org/2018/10/24/internet-inaccessibility-plagues-….
- 2“Full text of Duterte’s State of the Nation Address 2017,” Philstar, July 24, 2017, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/07/25/1721355/full-text-dutertes…; Department of Information and Communications Technology, National Broadband Plan, August 9, 2017, http://web.archive.org/web/20180714050823/http://www.dict.gov.ph/wp-con…
- 3"DICT to start pilot test for national broadband plan next month," Business World, October 5, 2018, https://www.bworldonline.com/dict-to-start-pilot-tests-for-national-bro….
- 4“U.S. partners with Philippines to improve broadband access," US Embassy in the Philippines, February 7, 2019, https://ph.usembassy.gov/us-partners-with-philippines-to-improve-broadb….
- 5“Affordability rankings – Philippines,” The Inclusive Internet 2020, The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020, https://theinclusiveinternet.eiu.com/explore/countries/PH/.
- 6“2019 Affordability Report,” Alliance for Affordable Internet, 2019, https://a4ai.org/affordability-report/report/2019/.
- 7“Guide to Public Access in Southeast Asia — 2019 Affordability Report,” Alliance for Affordable Internet, 2019, https://a4ai.org/2019publicaccess/#Philippines.
Does the government exercise technical or legal control over internet infrastructure for the purposes of restricting connectivity? | 5.005 6.006 |
The government ordered the shutdown of mobile phone networks during major events in several cities during the coverage period. Critics are concerned about the normalization of internet and mobile network shutdowns, calling for a clearer policy that outlines the circumstances in which they may be implemented.1
The police routinely restrict mobile services, justifying their actions as efforts to prevent possible terrorist attacks. For the Black Nazarene procession, a widely attended Roman Catholic event in the Quiapo district of Manila held every January 9th, the NTC issued a memorandum to Globe Telecom and Smart Communications to temporarily cut network services in specific areas where the procession will pass, on the request of the National Capital Region Police Office.2 Also in January 2020, mobile signals were restricted for two days in different parts of Cebu during the Sinulog-Santo Niño Festival, also for security reasons.3 Similar restrictions occurred around other major festivals and events during the coverage period, as well as during 2019 and 2018.4
One provider, PLDT, plays an outsized role in the country’s telecommunications infrastructure. The company5 owns the majority of fixed-line connections, as well as a 221,000-kilometer fiber-optic network that connects to several international networks;6 it also fully or partly owns five out of nine international cable landing stations.7 In line with its modernization plan, PLDT is investing $136.7 million in a new trans-Pacific cable system that will link its landing stations in Camarines Norte in the Philippines to Maruyama and Shima in Japan, and Los Angeles in the United States; the cable is expected to become operational by the third quarter of 2020.8 In 2017, Globe Telecom launched a $250 million submarine cable that links Davao and the United States.9
- 1Jhoanna Ballaran, "Group criticizes gov't move shutting down cellphone signals during events," Inquirer, January 26, 2018, http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/963786/group-criticizes-govt-move-shutting….
- 2“Telcos told to shut off mobile services for Black Nazarene Traslacion,” ABS-CBN News, January 7, 2020, https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/01/07/20/telcos-told-to-shut-off-mobi….
- 3Ryan Macasero, “Signal shutdown to proceed during Sinulog 2020 events,” Rappler, January 17, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/249581-signal-shutdown-sinulog-2020.
- 4Ruby Silubrico, “’Let’s make Dinagyang safe for everyone,’” Panay News, January 26, 2020, https://www.panaynews.net/lets-make-dinagyang-safe-for-everyone/; Bombo Rayo Kalibo, “Phone signal para sa Ati-atihan 2020, ipinatupad na [Phone signal shutdown for Ati-Atihan 2020, already implemented],” Bombo Radyo Philippines, January 19, 2020, https://www.bomboradyo.com/phone-signal-shutdown-para-sa-ati-atihan-202…; "No cellphone signal along Black Nazarene Procession route and adjacent areas in CDO," CDODev, January 8, 2019, http://www.cdodev.com/2019/01/08/no-cellphone-signal-along-black-nazare…; Boy Ryan B. Zabal, "Gov't orders phone signal shutdown for Ati-Atihan on January 20," Rappler, January 19, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/221362-ntc-order-phone-signal-shutdown-a…; Glenda Tayona, "NTC approves mobile phone signal jamming, Panay News, January, 24, 2019, https://www.panaynews.net/ntc-approves-mobile-phone-signal-jamming/; Odessa O. Leyson, "No signal for 31 hours," The Freeman, January 16, 2019, https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2019/01/16/1885501/no-si…; Christia Marie Ramos, "NCRPO: Telco signals will be jammed in parts of Manila during Traslacion," Inquirer, January 7, 2019, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1070282/ncrpo-telco-signals-will-be-jamme….
- 5“PLDT: From voice to multi‐media (First of Two Parts),” The Philippine Star, October 22, 2012, https://www.philstar.com/business/business-as-usual/2012/10/22/859665/p….
- 6“The Good Fiber: Deeper Bonds in a Faster World,” PLDT 2018 Sustainability Report, 2018, http://www.pldt.com/docs/default-source/annual-reports/sustainability-r….
- 7“Submarine Cable Map,” TeleGeography, March 14, 2016, https://www.submarinecablemap.com/#/country/philippines.
- 8Miguel R. Camus, “PLDT sees faster internet in 2020,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, October 24, 2019, https://business.inquirer.net/281777/pldt-sees-faster-internet-in-2020.
- 9"Globe Commercially Launches SEA-US Cable System," Globe, August 11, 2017, https://www.globe.com.ph/about-us/newsroom/corporate/sea-us-cable-syste….
Are there legal, regulatory, or economic obstacles that restrict the diversity of service providers? | 4.004 6.006 |
At present, the telecommunications industry is dominated by two companies, although a new provider, Mislatel, rebranded as the Dito Telecommunity Corporation in July 2019,1 is expected to become operational in March 2021.2 New service providers face legal obstacles in obtaining a congressional franchise, such as constitutional limitations on the people or companies that can operate a public utility.3
The telecommunications market is dominated by PLDT and Globe, which each have acquired a number of minor players over the last two decades.4 The market for mobile services is mostly split between the two companies.5 PLDT reported an expansion of their mobile coverage to 94 percent of the country’s population as of December 2019,6 while Globe reported 94.3 million subscribers during the same period.7 Dennis Uy, founder of Udenna Corporation and Chelsea Logistics, which own 60 percent of Dito, hails from Davao and was reported to be the biggest contributor to Duterte’s 2016 presidential campaign.8
There were 400 internet service providers (ISPs) registered with the NTC in 2013, according to the most recent government data.9 All of them connect to PLDT or Globe. Internet service is currently classified as a value-added service and is therefore subject to fewer regulatory requirements than mobile and fixed-phone services. Companies entering the market go through a two-stage process. First, they must obtain a congressional license that involves parliamentary hearings and the approval of both the upper and lower houses of Congress. Second, they need to apply for certification from the NTC. Globe has separately complained of needing to obtain 25 permits to build a single cell site, a process that can last eight months.10
The Philippine Competition Act was signed in 2015, 25 years after it was first filed.11 The act seeks to protect consumers and preserve commercial competition, and established the Philippine Competition Commission (PCC).12 The law, however, does not prohibit monopolies, and will not prevent an entity from maintaining dominance in the market as long as it does not commit certain legally prohibited abuses.13
Since its establishment, the PCC has challenged the joint acquisition of the San Miguel Corporation’s telecommunications assets by PLDT and Globe in 2017, a deal that resulted in the two companies controlling about 80 percent of all available cellular frequencies.14 The Court of Appeals subsequently affirmed the deal’s validity.15 However, the PCC later said that the NTC could acquire wireless frequency from PLDT and Globe if the companies did not improve their services.16
Under the Public Service Act, foreigners may hold no more than a 40 percent stake in certain industries, including telecommunications.17
- 1“Mislatel finally receives licence to become third telco; will be known as DITO Telecommunity,” TeleGeography, July 9, 2019, https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2019/07/09/….
- 2Ralf Rivas, “Dito Telecom services available by March 2021,” Rappler, February 20, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/business/252289-dito-telecom-commercial-operati….
- 3“The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article XII,” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, 1987, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-….
- 4PLDT, “PLDT 2016 Annual Report,” May 16, 2017, http://www.pldt.com/docs/default-source/annual-reports/2016/pldt-2016-a…; Globe Telecom, Inc., “SEC Form 17-A,” April 17, 2017, https://www.globe.com.ph/content/dam/globe/brie/About-us/investor-relat….
- 5PLDT, “PLDT 2016 Annual Report,” May 16, 2017, http://www.pldt.com/docs/default-source/annual-reports/2016/pldt-2016-a….
- 6Smart Communications, Inc., “Record-high mobile data traffic drives digital transformation, revenues,” March 13, 2020, https://smart.com.ph/About/newsroom/full-news/2020/03/13/record-high-mo….
- 7Globe Telecom Inc., “SEC Form 17-C 2019,” February 3, 2020, https://www.pds.com.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Disclosure-No.-348-20….
- 8Maila Ager, “Dennis Uy admits close ties with Duterte, Cabinet members,” INQUIRER.net, January 24, 2019, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1077000/dennis-uy-admits-close-ties-with-…; Neil Jerome Morales and Karen Lema, “Philippines’ new China-led telecom firm surges after Duterte’s ‘chilling’ threat,” Reuters, July 27, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-telecoms/philippines-new….
- 9“2016 Philippines in Figures,” Philippine Statistics Authority, September 19, 2016, https://psa.gov.ph/content/2016-philippines-figures.
- 10Claire Jiao, “Globe will hold on to frequencies regardless of PCC decision,” CNN Philippines, August 4, 2016, https://cnnphilippines.com/business/2016/08/04/globe-telecom-to-keep-fr….
- 11”Philippine Competition Law (R.A. 10667),” Philippine Competition Commission, 2015, https://phcc.gov.ph/philippine-competition-law-r-10667/.
- 12“Republic Act No. 10067,” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, July 21, 2015, http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/07/21/republic-act-no-10667/.
- 13Josiah Go, “Finally, Congress passes Philippine Competition Act,” INQUIRER.net, July 10, 2015, https://business.inquirer.net/195004/finally-congress-passes-philippine….
- 14Cellular frequencies are sets of frequency ranges within the ultra-high frequency band that have been assigned for cellular compatible mobile devices, like mobile phones, to connect to cellular networks.
- 15Chrisee De La Paz, "PCC to exhaust options as CA affirms San Miguel Telco buyout," Rappler, October 23, 2017, https://www.rappler.com/business/186133-pcc-exhaust-options-ca-affirms-….
- 16Patrizia Paola C. Marcelo, "PCC: Telcos' SMC asset purchase has performance conditions," Business World, January 23, 2018, https://www.bworldonline.com/pcc-telcos-smc-asset-purchase-performance-….
- 17"Public Service Act Amendments to Open Economy to More Investments, Generate More Jobs - Poe," Senate of the Philippines, February 15, 2018, http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2018/0215_poe3.asp.
Do national regulatory bodies that oversee service providers and digital technology fail to operate in a free, fair, and independent manner? | 2.002 4.004 |
While national regulatory bodies that oversee service providers and digital technology generally operate independently, all heads of government agencies, including regulatory bodies, are appointed by the president. This framework has led to instances of political interference.1
The DICT is responsible for planning, developing, and promoting the national ICT development agenda. There are three offices attached to the DICT: the National Privacy Commission (NPC), a regulatory and quasi-judicial body tasked with monitoring and ensuring the country's compliance with international standards for data protection; the Cybercrime Investigation and Coordination Center (CICC); and the NTC, which regulates the industry with quasi-judicial powers and supervises the provision of public telecommunications services.
In 2016, President Duterte appointed former Globe executive Rodolfo Salalima to serve as the DICT’s secretary.2 However, Salalima resigned in 2017, citing corruption and interference, without going into further detail.3 President Duterte, in turn, said that he had asked Salalima to resign because he was favoring Globe and had failed to facilitate the entry of other telecommunications players in the country.4
In November 2018, Duterte appointed incumbent senator Gregorio Honasan, a former military officer and long-time friend of the president,5 to head the DICT.6 In July 2019, Honasan was sworn in.7
There was some ambiguity over how DICT funds were used over the coverage period. In January 2020, undersecretary Eliseo Rio resigned, citing concerns over how the DICT spent 300 million pesos ($5.9 million) from a confidential fund; Rio also raised concerns that Honasan did not inform him of the underlying process.8 Rio and Honasan later issued a joint statement stating there was no irregularity in the fund’s disbursement.9 In the 2020 budget, the amount allotted to the confidential fund doubled from 400 million pesos ($7.8 million) to 800 million pesos ($15.7 million).10
In May 2020, Duterte accepted Rio’s resignation, replacing him with Ramon Jacinto. Jacinto, his adviser on entrepreneurship and ICT, is a known supporter of the president.11 Rio and Jacinto have previously clashed over their positions on common cell towers.
- 1Executive Order No. 292, signed in July 1987, states that all Department Secretaries, Undersecretaries, Assistant Secretaries, and senior level officials shall be appointed by the President, see “Executive Order No. 292 [Book IV/Chapter 10-Appointments and Qualifications],” Official Gazette of the Republic of Philippines, July 25, 1987, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-bo….
- 2Trisha Macas, Gma News, Amanda Lago, “Duterte schoolmate to be first DICT secretary,” GMA News Online, June 22, 2016, https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/570944/duterte-schoolma….
- 3Miguel R. Camus, "Salalima bares to DICT employees reasons for wanting to leave office," Philippine Daily Inquirer, September 22, 2017, http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/932701/salalima-bares-to-dict-employees-re….
- 4Leila B. Salaverria, "Duterte says he told Salalima to resign," Philippine Daily Inquirer, September 29, 2017, http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/934190/duterte-says-he-told-salalima-to-re….
- 5Marichu A. Villanueva, "How Honasan earned Rody's trust," The Philippine Star, November 12, 2018, https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2018/11/12/1867773/how-honasan-earned-….
- 6Dharel Placido, "Gringo in charge: Duterte formally appoints Honasan as DICT Secretary," ABS-CBN News, November 22, 2018, https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/22/18/gringo-in-charge-duterte-formall….
- 7Javier J. Ismael, "Honasan sits as DICT chief in July - Sotto," Manila Times, March 31, 2019, https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/03/31/news/top-stories/honasan-sits-as….
- 8Llanesca Panti, “DICT’s Rio quits after being kept ignorant on P300-M confidential fund,” GMA News Online, February 3, 2020, https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/724639/dict-s-rio-resigns-a…; “DICT's unspent P300-M budget for projects went to intel fund,” Rappler, February 3, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/250897-dict-unspent-budget-projects-went….
- 9“Official Joint Statement of Secretary Gregorio B. Honasan II and Undersecretary Eliseo M. Rio, Jr,” Department of Information and Communications Technology, February 7, 2020, https://dict.gov.ph/official-joint-statement-of-secretary-gregorio-b-ho….
- 10Michael Bueza, “DICT’s P800-M confidential funds: 2nd biggest in 2020 budget,” Rappler, February 8, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/251038-confidential-intellig….
- 11Pia Ranada, “RJ Jacinto replaces Rio in DICT,” Rappler, May 26, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/262005-rj-jacinto-replaces-eliseo-rio-di….
While content is not systematically censored in the Philippines, there remain occasional instances of proactive content removal. Content manipulation continued during the coverage period. The government continued its attacks against the online news outlet Rappler, and targeted other independent sources of information. News network ABS-CBN was forced to close in May 2020 after Congress failed to renew its franchise.
Does the state block or filter, or compel service providers to block or filter, internet content? | 6.006 6.006 |
No systematic government censorship of online content has been documented in the Philippines, and internet users enjoyed unrestricted access to both domestic and international sources of information during the coverage period. Internet users freely access social networks and communication apps including YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and international blog-hosting services.
Do state or nonstate actors employ legal, administrative, or other means to force publishers, content hosts, or digital platforms to delete content? | 3.003 4.004 |
The government does not systematically order the removal of online content, although there have been some instances of information being removed in recent years. Government authorities have been reported to force people to publicly apologize over critical social media posts, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.1
In February 2019, the Philippine Star proactively removed from its website a 2002 article about Wilfredo Keng, a businessman who was suspected of involvement in the murder of a Manila councilman, after Keng threatened legal action against the outlet.2 The takedown took place only a few days after Rappler CEO Maria Ressa posted bail in connection with Keng’s libel case against the site (see C3).3 Previously, in May 2018, Senate President Vicente Sotto wrote a letter to the Philippine Daily Inquirer's website, asking the publication to take down three articles from its website, published between 2014 and 2016, that linked him to the 1982 rape of an actress.4 The Philippine Daily Inquirer complied with the request and removed the articles.
Google occasionally reports receiving content removal requests from the Philippine government or law enforcement agencies. Between July and December 2019, the government requested that the company remove 104 pieces of content across six separate requests related to regulated goods and services.5 Facebook received no requests to remove content from the government during the same time period.6
- 1Lian Buan, “Bayanihan Act's sanction vs 'false' info the 'most dangerous',” Rappler, March 29, 2020, https://rappler.com/nation/sanctions-fake-news-bayanihan-act-most-dange….
- 2“Philstar.com deletes 2002 article on Wilfredo Keng,” CNN Philippines, February 16, 2019, https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/02/16/wilfredo-keng-philstar-artic…; IJF, “Libel cases threatening newsrooms in the Philippines,” February 18, 2019, https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/ar….
- 3Sofia Tomacruz, "Philstar.com takedown of Keng story 'unfortunate' - NUJP," Rappler, February 17, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/223696-philstar-take-down-wilfredo-keng-….
- 4Leila B. Salaverria, "Sotto asks Inquirer.net to remove Pepsi Paloma stories,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 18, 2018, http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1001463/sotto-asks-inquirer-net-to-remove-….
- 5“Government requests to remove content,” Google Transparency Report, 2019, https://transparencyreport.google.com/government-removals/by-country/PH.
- 6“Philippines,” Facebook Transparency Report, 2019, https://transparency.facebook.com/content-restrictions/country/PH.
Do restrictions on the internet and digital content lack transparency, proportionality to the stated aims, or an independent appeals process? | 4.004 4.004 |
Restrictions on the internet are generally fair and proportional to the stated aims. Content blocking is allowed under a law that requires ISPs to prevent access to child sexual abuse imagery.1 The police may request that ISPs block sites hosting such images, and ISPs typically comply with such orders.2
In May 2020, the Digital Economy Taxation Act was filed in Congress (see B6).3 If passed into law, the government can block online or digital platforms that do not comply with tax laws or pay the appropriate taxes.4
The proposed Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom, introduced in 2012, contains a provision that provides for court proceedings in cases where websites or networks are to be taken down, and prohibits censorship of content without a court order.5 Parts of this legislation were later absorbed into another bill creating a government ICT agency (see A5). The sections not included in that bill remain in the Magna Carta bill, but the Congress that was seated in May 2019 had not reintroduced that bill as of June 2020.
A number of bills relating to false information were filed during the first regular session of the 18th Congress. The bills establish criminal penalties for those who violate its provisions,6 and would also allow authorities more latitude to issue takedown orders, “correct” false or misleading content, or block websites altogether, with no judicial oversight and limited avenues to appeal government decisions (see C2).7
- 1TJ Dimacali, “ISPs tasked to block just child porn, not all adult sites – NTC,” GMA News Online, March 17, 2014, https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/technology/352936/isps-tasked-t….
- 2" Globe blocks nearly 2,500 illegal sites with #PlayItRight," INQUIRER.net, January 8, 2018, https://technology.inquirer.net/71128/globe-blocks-nearly-2500-illegal-….
- 3See http://congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_18/HB06765.pdf for full copy of House Bill No. 6765
- 4Ben O. de Vera, “Salceda wants additional tax on digital services like Netflix, Lazada, FB ads,” INQUIRER.net. May 18, 2020, https://business.inquirer.net/297571/salceda-wants-additional-tax-on-di….
- 5Norman Bordadora, “Santiago Proposes Magna Carta for Internet,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 1, 2012, https://technology.inquirer.net/20769/santiago-proposes-magna-carta-for…; Louis Bacani, “'Crowdsourcing' bill allows citizens' online participation in lawmaking,” The Philippine Star, July 4, 2013, https://www.philstar.com/business/science-and-environment/2013/07/04/96….
- 6Some of these include House Bill Nos. 1324, 2143, 2278, and 4390, the texts of which are available at www.congress.gov.ph.
- 7“Prohibiting the publication and proliferation of false content on the Philippine Internet, providing measure to counteract its effects and prescribing penalties therefor,” 18th Congress of the Republic of the Philippines, https://senate.gov.ph/lisdata/3022527054!.pdf; “Philippines: Reject Sweeping ‘Fake News’ Bill,” Human Rights Watch, July 25, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/25/philippines-reject-sweeping-fake-ne….
Do online journalists, commentators, and ordinary users practice self-censorship? | 2.002 4.004 |
Self-censorship remains a problem for those communicating online. Many journalists, for example, practice self-censorship due to the high level of violence against journalists and the increasing number of civil and criminal cases related to online activity. According to a June 2019 survey from pollster Social Weather Stations, 51 percent of Filipinos responded that it was “dangerous to print or broadcast anything critical of the administration even if it is true.”1 In August 2019, a former editor in chief of news site Inquirer.net said that some stories remained unpublished under the Duterte administration due to fear of “pushback.”2
The Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, a civil society organization, suggested in January 2019 that journalists may be self-censoring around issues related to corruption or illegal drugs.3 The center also asserted that the president's criticism of the press and online harassment have led journalists to use caution when investigating and reporting. Following its mission to the country in April 2019, the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) expressed similar concerns that cases against Rappler and worsening online harassment heightened fear and exacerbated online self-censorship.4
The Philippine Star’s February 2019 removal from its website of an article originally published in 2002 illustrates how legal action and harassment cause greater self-censorship among entities that publish online (see B2).5 The original Philippine Star article about Wilfredo Keng was quoted in a 2012 Rappler article that was the crux of Keng’s 2017 libel case against Ressa and a Rappler staff member (see C3). Fearing similar legal action, the Philippine Star chose to proactively censor itself.6
- 1Social Weather Stations, “Second Quarter 2019 social weather survey,” August 23, 2019, https://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-201908031….
- 2Gillan Ropera, “Journalists warned vs self-censorship,” ABS-CBN News, August 5, 2019, https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/05/19/journalists-warned-vs-self-censo….
- 3Kristine Sabillo, "Better or worse? The state of Philippine media according to watchdogs," ABS-CBN News, January 2, 2019, https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/01/02/19/better-or-worse-the-state-of-ph….
- 4“CPJ mission finds increased intimidation, shrinking space for free press in the Philippines,” CPJ, April 15, 2019, https://cpj.org/2019/04/cpj-mission-finds-increased-intimidation-shrink….
- 5Sofia Tomacruz, “PhilStar.com takedown of Keng story 'unfortunate' – NUJP,” Rappler, February 18, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/223696-philstar-take-down-wilfredo-keng-….
- 6“Philstar.com deletes 2002 article on Wilfredo Keng,” CNN Philippines, February 16, 2019, https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/02/16/wilfredo-keng-philstar-artic….
Are online sources of information controlled or manipulated by the government or other powerful actors to advance a particular political interest? | 1.001 4.004 |
Online sources of information have been increasingly manipulated by the government and other actors, with commenters and trolls on social media distorting the information landscape online in an attempt to shape political outcomes.
Content manipulation was prevalent around the 2016 presidential election. Credible media reports found that commenters could earn at least 500 pesos ($10) per day operating fake social media accounts supporting President Duterte, or attacking his detractors.1 Other reports found that purveyors of these accounts earned 2,000 to 3,000 pesos ($40 to $60) per day.2 Automated accounts or bots were also reportedly used to spread political content.3
Many of the accounts that actively supported Duterte during the campaign have continued to operate since he took power, backing the president’s agenda.4 Some high-profile bloggers who supported Duterte’s campaign were given positions in the government or hired as government consultants.5
New research released during the coverage period by the Australian National University’s New Mandala showed how online content manipulation was an important component of candidates’ campaign strategies for the May 2019 midterm election.6 Disinformation campaigns used “more insidious and camouflaged” tactics, focusing on micro– and nanotargeting, private social media groups with limited content moderation, and having nonpolitical accounts spread election-related content in an effort to make it seem more genuine. Campaigns drew on not only short-term commentators charging relatively low fees, but also large-scale public relations companies that charged as much as 5.2 million pesos ($100,000) for their services.
Online media is also influenced by political actors. Hyperpartisan news outlets, including those on YouTube, have contributed to the growing preponderance of misleading and fraudulent content online.7 In April 2019, the Manila Times published a matrix of news outlets, journalists, and advocacy groups allegedly plotting to overthrow the president. Maria Ressa, Rappler, Vera Files, the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ), and the National Union of People’s Lawyers (NUPL) were all mentioned as alleged conspirators in the “coup” and were accused of routinely publishing fraudulent information intended to incite readers. The information about the supposed plot, which has not been corroborated, was reportedly provided by Duterte himself, and the story was written by the chairman emeritus of the Manila Times, who had worked for the president.8 In May 2019, the presidential spokesperson released a new set of diagrams further elaborating on the list of alleged conspirators in the plot.9
Despite challenges in combatting the impact of disinformation, fact-checking initiatives by Rappler and Vera Files continue. In April 2020, the University of the Philippines’ College of Mass Communications (UPCMC) launched FactRackers,10 a fact-checking initiative that focused on information related to the COVID-19 pandemic.11
Social media platforms have also attempted to respond to the increasing levels of online disinformation in the country.12 Facebook, for example, removed 95 pages and 39 accounts, reaching 4.8 million users, for violating its policies in October 2018.13 The pages and accounts shared a range of entertainment and political content, including some pro-Duterte content.14 In March 2019, 200 Facebook accounts linked to Duterte’s former social media strategist were also taken down for “coordinated and inauthentic behavior.”15
Authorities have indicated that the planned GSN will be used to fight disinformation, raising concerns that it could be used as a government mouthpiece (see A1).16
The government tried to control the narrative around COVID-19. One agency, for example, issued a memorandum to all its employees to refrain posting on social media comments criticizing the government.17
In June 2020, after the coverage period, thousands of Filipinos, including student activists and journalists, reported that dummy Facebook accounts were impersonating them. 18 Some students also reported that they were subjected to harassment and death threats from these accounts (see C7). Jose Jaime “Nonoy” Espina, the president of the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP), reported that “many of the threats are specific to opposition to the antiterror bill or to the current administration’s governance.”19 The Justice Department, in coordination with the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), the police, the NPC, and Facebook pledged to investigate the matter.20 The NBI later claimed that a technical glitch likely created the accounts, but technology experts say that the scale of cloning suggests that their creation was an organized and coordinated act.21
- 1Rizal Raoul Reyes and Mia Rosienna Mallari, “Money and credulity drive Duterte’s ‘keyboard army’,” Business Mirror, November 27, 2016, https://businessmirror.com.ph/2016/11/27/money-and-credulity-drive-dute….
- 2Eric S. Caruncho, “Confessions of a troll,” August 28, 2016, Lifestyle.INQ, https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/236403/confessions-of-a-troll/.
- 3Computational Propaganda Research Project, Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation, University of Oxford, 2017, http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/07/Troops-….
- 4Computational Propaganda Research Project, Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation, University of Oxford, 2017, http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/07/Troops-….
- 5Natashya Gutierrez, "State-sponsored hate: The rise of pro-Duterte bloggers," Rappler, August 18, 2017, https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/178709-duterte-die-hard-supp….
- 6Jonathan Corpus Ong, Ross Tapsell, and Nicole Curato, Tracking Digital Disinformation in the 2019 Philippine Midterm Election, New Mandala, August 2019, https://www.newmandala.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Digital-Disinform….
- 7Jonathan Corpus Ong, Ross Tapsell, and Nicole Curato, Tracking Digital Disinformation in the 2019 Philippine Midterm Election, New Mandala, August 2019, https://www.newmandala.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Digital-Disinform….
- 8Committee to Protect Journalists, “Philippine news and human rights organizations accused of 'plot' against Duterte,” April 24, 2019, https://cpj.org/2019/04/philippine-news-and-human-rights-organizations-…; “Manila Times' big boss is Duterte's PR guy,” Rappler, May 17, 2017, https://www.rappler.com/nation/170038-manila-times-dante-ang-appointed-….
- 9Pia Ranada, "Malacanang releases new diagrams on 'conspiracy' to discredit Duterte," Rappler, May 8, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/229986-malacanang-releases-new-diagrams-….
- 10See https://www.factrakers.org/.
- 11University of the Philippines Media and Public Relations Office, “UP CMC battles COVID-19 ‘infodemic’ through fact-checking,” April 17, 2020, https://www.up.edu.ph/up-cmc-battles-covid-19-infodemic-through-fact-ch….
- 12Nathaniel Gleicher, "Banning Twinmark Media Enterprises in the Philippines from Facebook," Facebook Newsroom, January 10, 2019, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/01/banning-twinmark-media-enterprises/.
- 13“Removing a Spam Network From Facebook in the Philippines,” Facebook Newsroom, October 22, 2018, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/10/removing-a-spam-network-from-faceb….
- 14"Facebook removes 95 pages, 39 accounts for spam, authenticity violations," ABS-CBN News, October 23, 2018, https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/23/18/facebook-removes-95-pages-39-acc….
- 15Gabriel Pabico Lalu, "Facebook takes down 200 accounts linked to former Duterte social media strategist," INQUIRER.net, March 30, 2019, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1101396/facebook-takes-down-200-accounts-….
- 16Ruth Abbey Gita, "Duterte approves launch of government satellite network in 2018," SunStar Manila, December 6, 2017, http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/12/06/duterte-approves….
- 17“DENR to employees: Do not post negative comments on gov’t Covid-19 response,” CNN Philippines, April 6, 2020, https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/6/denr-tells-employees-dont-post….
- 18Cecilia Yap and Andreo Calonzo, “Imposter Facebook Accounts Trigger Philippines Probes,” Bloomberg, June 7, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-07/philippines-probes-p….
- 19Regine Cabato, “Death threats, clone accounts: Another day fighting trolls in the Philippines,” The Washington Post, June 8, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/facebook-trolls-phili….
- 20“DOJ to probe sudden surge of fake Facebook accounts,” CNN Philippines, June 7, 2020, https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/6/7/DOJ-probe-fake-Facebook-ac…; Regine Cabato, “Death threats, clone accounts: Another day fighting trolls in the Philippines,” The Washington Post, June 8, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/facebook-trolls-phili….
- 21Alan Robles, “Who is behind surge in fake Facebook accounts in the Philippines,” SCMP, June 8, 2020, https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3088067/who-behind-surg….
Are there economic or regulatory constraints that negatively affect users’ ability to publish content online? | 1.001 3.003 |
Score Change: The score declined from 2 to 1 due to the failure of the Philippine Congress to renew the license of one of the country’s largest electronic media networks, which has criticized President Duterte and his administration.
Some economic and regulatory constraints have impacted the ability to publish content online, including instances of licenses being revoked for media outlets critical of the government.
In January 2018, Rappler—which had been critical of Duterte and his violent war on drugs, and had suggested that he had “weaponized” social media to discredit his political opponents—was ordered closed by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for violating a legal provision mandating full Philippine ownership and control of mass media. The SEC based its ruling on depository receipts issued by Rappler Holdings to the Omidyar Network Fund LLC, a fund created by eBay founder Pierre Omidyar, a US citizen.1 It was the first time that the SEC has invoked the rule to order the closure of a Philippine media company. The move came after Duterte had called for an investigation into the outlet’s ownership in 2017, and had repeatedly called its coverage purportedly fake news.2 Following the closure order, the accreditation of Rappler's reporter at the presidential palace was revoked in February 2019, and the reporter was banned from all official presidential events.3 The outlet remains in operation while awaiting a ruling from the Court of Appeals on a petition contesting the closure.4 Rappler, its executives, and its staff continue to face other administrative proceedings and court cases that could significantly hinder its ability to publish content online.5
In May 2020, the NTC ordered ABS-CBN, one of the country’s largest electronic media networks, to close after Congress, which is dominated by supporters of President Duterte, failed to renew its broadcast license, despite several bills introduced to do so.6 The NTC’s order apparently contradicted earlier expectations that ABS-CBN could continue to operate on a provisional basis while Congress considered the request to renew the network’s license.7 For example, the speaker of the lower house reported that NTC was “instructed” by Congress that the network “should continue to broadcast,” with Congress having “no intention to order their closure, to shut them down, or take advantage of the situation.” In March 2020, the NTC originally announced that it would issue a provisional authority for the network to operate until June 2022 while Congress continued its deliberations.8 In a subsequent letter to congressional leaders, the NTC referred to the Office of the Solicitor General’s (OSG) warning that issuing a provisional authority would make it liable for criminal prosecution, and that only Congress can exercise licensing power.9
Duterte had previously criticized the network several times, including, for example, after it did not air his paid political advertisements during the 2016 presidential campaign.10 He has previously threatened to let the franchise agreement expire.11 Critics have assailed ABS-CBN’s closure as politically motivated and called it an attack on press freedom and democracy.12
In June 2020, while deliberations for the network’s franchise renewal continued in Congress, the NTC ordered the closure of its digital television and satellite services.13 The NTC cited an OSG opinion stating those services were dependent on the network’s expired license.14 The NTC’s initial May cease-and-desist order did not include the network-operated Channel 43, and most ABS-CBN shows continued had remained available through this channel. In July 2020, after the coverage period, the House of Representatives voted to permanently shut the network’s television and radio services down.
In May 2020, the Digital Economy Taxation Act was filed in Congress (see B3).15 The legislation seeks to impose a 12 percent value-added tax (VAT) on digital advertisements, internet-based subscriptions, and transactions made on e-commerce platforms.16 Facebook and Google advertisements would be subject to the proposed tax, while platforms including Spotify and Netflix would also be affected.
The Open Access in Data Transmission Act was approved by the House of Representatives during the previous government.17 Following the May 2019 election, it was refiled by the newly elected Congress in July 2019,18 and was under consideration in the lower house’s ICT committee as of July 2020. The bill calls on providers of data transmission services to treat all traffic equally and without discrimination, restriction, or interference; protects the rights of users of data transmission services; and gives additional powers to the NTC.19
With the issuance of the March 2020 lockdown in Luzon, instituted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, media personnel were required to secure special media passes in order to travel through the affected area.20 Reporters from alternative media group Bulatlat applied for the pass that month, but they were later told that applications from mainstream media outlets were being prioritized, and that they should work remotely instead due to their online status.21
- 1Carmela Fonbuena, "SEC revokes Rappler's registration," Rappler, January 15, 2018, https://rappler.com/nation/rappler-registration-revoked.
- 2“Full text of Duterte's State of the Nation Address 2017,” Philstar, July 25, 2017, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/07/25/1721355/full-text-dutertes…; “Mocha Uson breached gov't ethics code, admits PCOO's Badoy,” Rappler, August 9, 2018, https://www.rappler.com/nation/209159-mocha-uson-written-reminder-gende….
- 3Nestor Corrales, "Roque: Duterte felt 'betrayed' by Rappler reporter," Philippine Daily Inquirer, February 21, 2018, http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970379/roque-duterte-felt-betrayed-by-rapp….
- 4Jomar Canlas, “Rappler not Filipino-owned and violated law, court rules,” The Manila Times, July 27, 2018, https://www.manilatimes.net/rappler-not-filipino-owned-and-violated-law….
- 5Lian Buan, “LIST: Cases vs Maria Ressa, Rappler directors, staff since 2018,” Rappler, February 25, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/223968-list-cases-filed-against-maria-re….
- 6“ABS-CBN franchise expires May 4,” CNN Philippines, May 4, 2020, https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/3/ABS-CBN-franchise-expiry.html?…; Neil Arwin Mercado, “Breaking: NTC orders ABS-CBN to stop broadcast operations,” INQUIRER.net, May 5, 2020, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1270074/ntc-issues-cease-and-desist-order….
- 7“CPJ sends letter calling on Philippine President Duterte to reopen ABS-CBN,” https://cpj.org/2020/05/cpj-sends-letter-calling-on-philippine-presiden….
- 8Katrina Domingo, “NTC to allow ABS-CBN to operate until June 2022,” ABS-CBN News, March 11, 2020, https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/11/20/abscbn-franchise-renewal-ntc-pro….
- 9Neil Arwin Mercado, “Breaking: NTC: We regret failing to notify congress on stop order vs ABS-CBN,” Inquirer.net, May 14, 2020, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1275029/ntc-we-regret-failing-to-notify-c…; Filane Mikee Cervantes, “NTC regrets failing to notify House on cease and desist order vs ABS-CBN,” Philippine News Agency, May 14, 2020, https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1102886.
- 10Committee to Protect Journalists, ”CPJ sends letter calling on Philippine President Duterte to reopen ABS-CBN,” May 11, 2020, https://cpj.org/2020/05/cpj-sends-letter-calling-on-philippine-presiden….
- 11Alexis Romero, “Duterte tells ABS-CBN owners to just sell the TV network,” Philstar, December 30, 2019, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/12/30/1980834/duterte-tells-abs….
- 12“Petition vs ABS-CBN ‘parasitic assault’ on press freedom, says anti disinformation network,” Rappler, February 11, 2020, https://rappler.com/nation/void-abs-cbn-franchise-calida-asks-supreme-c….
- 13Ian Nicolas Cigaral, “Gov’t deals fresh blow to ABS-CBN with halt order vs Sky Cable Direct, TV Plus,” Philstar, June 30, 2020, https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/06/30/2024674/govt-deals-fresh-b….
- 14Mara Cepeda, “SolGen advises NTC to also shut down ABS-CBN TV Plus and Channel 43,” Rappler, June 29, 2020, https://r3.rappler.com/nation/265186-solgen-advises-ntc-also-shut-down-….
- 15See http://congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_18/HB06765.pdf for full copy of House Bill No. 6765.
- 16Genshen L. Espedido and Beatrice M. Laforga, “Digital service tax could generate P29B in revenues,” Business World, May 20, 2020, https://www.bworldonline.com/digital-service-tax-could-generate-p29b-in….
- 17Boo Chanco, "Open access data transmission," The Philippine Star, January 30, 2019, https://www.philstar.com/business/2019/01/30/1889179/open-access-data-t….
- 18“Open Access in Data Transmission Act,” Senate of the Philippines, 18th Congress, July 1, 2019, https://senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=18&q=SBN-45.
- 19Republic of the Philippines, House of Representatives, House Bill 6557, October 5, 2017, http://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/first_17/CR00423.pdf.
- 20Genalyn Kabiling, “PCOO tells media workers to secure special ID cards for travel within Luzon quarantine areas,” Manila Bulletin, March 21, 2020, https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/03/17/pcoo-tells-media-workers-to-secure-sp….
- 21“Bulatlat denounces PCOO’s media discrimination and repression amid Covid-19 lockdown,” Bulatlat, March 22, 2020, https://www.bulatlat.com/2020/03/22/bulatlat-denounces-pcoos-media-disc….
Does the online information landscape lack diversity? | 3.003 4.004 |
Online platforms are regularly used to discuss politics, especially around elections. Generally, the Philippine blogosphere is rich and thriving.
However, a number of troubling developments threaten the diversity of the online information landscape, including the increase in disinformation, the impact of hyperpartisan content, continued harassment against independent outlets and journalists, online self-censorship, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks against alternative media outlets (see B4, B5, and C8). With the closure of ABS-CBN’s television and radio stations, some of the network’s content migrated to its digital television services, websites, and social media accounts, which were also impacted by the shutdown (see B6).1
- 1“List: Where you can still access ABS-CBN content,” Rappler, May 6, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/260038-list-where-you-can-still-access-a….
Do conditions impede users’ ability to mobilize, form communities, and campaign, particularly on political and social issues? | 6.006 6.006 |
Digital activism in the Philippines has had a significant impact in the past, making national and international headlines and at times prompting positive action from the government. Mobilization tools and websites are freely available for users.
The use of hashtags on social media is popular, both as a way to draw attention to individual events and as a means of participating in broader social movements. After the NBI arrested Maria Ressa in February 2019 following a libel complaint, the hashtags #HoldTheLine and #DefendPressFreedom were employed in support of Ressa, Rappler, and freedom of expression. With the closure of ABS-CBN television and radio stations, people flocked to social media to express their dismay over the network’s closure, using the hashtags #DefendPressFreedom and #NoToABSCBNShutdown.1
Citizens also frequently employ online petitions to call for action on matters relevant to the public. Several groups and individuals started online petitions to reopen ABS-CBN, for example.2 During the previous coverage period, a petition was launched in March 2019 demanding an apology from broadcaster Erwin Tulfo after he verbally berated and threatened Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Secretary Rolando Bautista for declining to be interviewed live by Tulfo. The campaign gathered more than 4,000 signatures, and Tulfo subsequently apologized.3
- 1Katrina Hallare, “After NTC orders ABS-CBN ops to stop, #NotoABSCBNShutDown tops PH Twitter trend,” INQUIRER.net, May 5, 2020, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1270230/after-ntc-orders-abs-cbn-ops-to-s….
- 2See National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP), “1M signatures for ABS-CBN franchise renewal,"https://www.change.org/p/abs-cbn-one-million-for-abs-cbn-s-franchise; Defend Job Philippines, “Renew ABS-CBN Franchise! #NotoABSCBNShutdown,” https://www.change.org/p/abs-cbn-renew-abs-cbn-franchise-notoabscbnshut….
- 3Carmela Fonbuena, “Soldiers see the online after Erwin Tulfo threatens to slap ex-Army chief,” Rappler, May 31, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/231925-soldiers-seethe-online-after-erwi….
In response to the COVID pandemic, a national emergency law was passed that, among other things, further criminalized the spreading of false information. Moreover, the Anti-Terrorism Act, which amends the Human Security Act of 2007, was signed into law in July 2020, expanding the government’s surveillance powers and undermining free expression and due process rights. More journalists and ordinary users faced criminal charges for their social media posts and online activity. Alternative media outlets and websites of human rights organizations were subjected to technical attacks, while progovernment commentators continued intimidating those critical of the authorities.
Do the constitution or other laws fail to protect rights such as freedom of expression, access to information, and press freedom, including on the internet, and are they enforced by a judiciary that lacks independence? | 2.002 6.006 |
Score Change: The score declined from 3 to 2 due to the country’s emergency COVID-19 decree, the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, that restricted free-expression rights online and further criminalized certain forms of online speech.
The Bill of Rights of the 1987 constitution protects freedom of speech and expression, as well as press freedom, although these rights are not always upheld in practice. Under the Duterte administration, judicial independence has deteriorated.1
A number of bills that would better protect users’ rights were pending at the end of the coverage period. Three bills were filed in Congress that aim to amend the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. Two of these seek the repeal of the act’s cyberlibel provision.2 The Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom was refiled as a stand-alone measure, after the original was incorporated into an ICT law; its review remained pending in Congress up until July 2019 (see B3). The newly elected Congress has yet to refile the bill.
Judicial independence has deteriorated during President Duterte’s administration.3 The constitution allows the president to fill vacancies in the Supreme Court and lower courts from a list provided by the Judicial and Bar Council, without a confirmation process (Art. VIII, Sec. 9).4 As of December 2019, the 15-member Supreme Court is dominated by Duterte’s 11 appointees.5 Supreme Court chief justice Maria Lourdes Sereno, a sometimes vocal opponent of the Duterte government’s policies, was ousted in May 2018 when the court narrowly granted a petition from the solicitor general to cancel Sereno’s 2010 appointment over allegations that she did not disclose all of her assets.6 The UN’s special rapporteur on the dependence of judges and lawyers expressed concern over the dismissal, calling it a threat to judicial independence.7
To respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippines passed Republic Act (RA) 11469, also known as the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, in March 2020; the legislation gave the president broad emergency powers and further criminalized online expression (see C2).8 RA 11469 expired on June 25th and Congress adjourned without passing a bill extending its provisions. Though the legislation lapsed, the presidential spokesperson said that government can still enforce strict protocols, such as curfews and prohibition of mass gatherings, and that the president continues to exercise “every means at his disposal to protect public safety and the lives of our citizenry.”9
Various media and civil society groups have expressed grave concern regarding the emergency decree’s restrictions on freedom of expression, particularly its failure to define false information and the ability of term to be defined at the whims of law enforcement.10 In late March 2020, the NUJP warned that the law “seeks to punish people for an offense that, legally, does not even exist” in a statement (See C2).11 A petition before the Supreme Court questioning the law’s constitutionality was filed in May 2020, but was dismissed by the high court.12
- 1Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2019, Philippines, February 4, 2019, https://freedomhouse.org/country/philippines/freedom-world/2019.
- 2These are House Bill Nos. 1707 and 5672.
- 3Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2020, Philippines, March 4, 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/country/philippines/freedom-world/2020.
- 4“Article XI,” The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, 1987, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/#art….
- 5Eimor Santos, “Two more Duterte appointees join Supreme Court,” CNN Philippines, December 4, 2019, https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/12/4/new-supreme-court-justices.ht…
- 6Freedom House, “Freedom in the World 2020 – Philippines,” https://freedomhouse.org/country/philippines/freedom-world/2020.
- 7United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “Judicial independence in Philippines is under threat, says UN human rights expert,” June 1, 2018, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23163….
- 8For the text of the law, see https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/03mar/20200324-RA-114….
- 9Ruth Abbey Gita-Carlos, “Quarantine rules still in effect even sans Bayanihan act: Palace,” Philippine News Agency, June 27, 2020, https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107262.
- 10“Hands off our freedom of speech and access to information,” Foundation for Media Alternatives, March 31, 2020, https://www.fma.ph/2020/03/31/hands-off-our-freedom-of-speech-and-acces….
- 11NUJP, @NUJP, [Statement] “’Fake news’ provision threatens freedom of the press, expression,” https://twitter.com/nujp/status/1243066078290268162?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw….
- 12Lian Buan, “Supreme Court junks petition questioning Duterte’s Bayanihan law,’ Rappler, July 1, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/265418-supreme-court-junks-petition-ques….
Are there laws that assign criminal penalties or civil liability for online activities? | 2.002 4.004 |
Some laws undermine the protections granted by the constitution. Users can face criminal charges for online activity under the libel law, which the Supreme Court upheld in 2014. Section 4c (4) of the 2012 Cybercrime Prevention Act classifies libel as a cybercrime. Section 6 prescribes prison terms of up to eight years for online libel,1 which is almost double the maximum penalty for the offense when it is perpetrated offline.2
The Penal Code also criminalizes online speech. Inciting to sedition is a crime under Article 142, penalizing those who “incite others… by means of speeches, proclamations, emblems, cartoons, banners or other representations.”3 Article 154 penalizes a range of online speech categories, notably “any person who by means of printing, lithography, or any other means of publication shall publish or cause to be published as news any false news which may endanger the public order, or cause damage to the interest or credit of the State.”4 Individuals face prison terms varying from one month and one day to six months, or fines ranging from 200 pesos ($4) to 1,000 pesos ($40). It is also being applied to online activities. 5
Sec. 6 (f) of RA 11469 penalizes individuals and groups for “creating, perpetuating, or spreading false information regarding the COVID-19 crisis on social media and other platforms,” especially those that are “clearly geared to promote chaos, panic, anarchy, fear, or confusion.” 6 Those who are convicted face prison terms of up to two months, fines ranging from 10,000 pesos ($197) to 1 million pesos ($19,650), or both.
In June 2019, the government introduced the Anti-False Content Act, which would criminalize those who “know” or have “a reasonable belief” that they are sharing false or misleading information, use a “fictitious” account to do so, or are “offering or providing one’s service” to spread such information.7 Authors of false or misleading content would face up to six years in prison and fines, while financing the spread of such content would result in up to 20 years’ imprisonment and significant fines. This latest effort to criminalize false information online follows a similar bill introduced in June 2017 that expired with the May election.8
The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 worked its way through the legislature during the coverage period, and was signed into law in July 2020, after the coverage period (see C5). Section 9 of the law criminalizes incitement to terrorism, which is broadly defined as “any person who, without taking any direct part in the commission of terrorism, shall incite others to the execution of” terrorism “by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners and other representations.” Those who are convicted face 12-year prison terms.9 Those suspected of terrorism can face 14-day-long detentions without warrant or charge, which can be extended for another 10 days. Civil society has raised the alarm that the law is dangerously broad, adding another legal tool for the administration to use against its critics10 and stifling and deterring legitimate advocacy, protest, and redress of grievances against the government.11 Multiple petitions have been filed before the Supreme Court questioning the law’s constitutionality, and requesting the court to strike it down.12
- 1The LAWPHiL Project, “Supreme Court Decision, G.R. No. 203335,” February 11, 2014, https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/feb2014/gr_203335_2014.html; The LAWPHiL Project, “Concurring and Dissenting Opinion, C.J. Sereno,” April 22, 2014, https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/feb2014/gr_203335_so_2014.html.
- 2Purple S. Romero, “DOJ holds dialogue on ‘E-Martial Law’,” October 9, 2012, Rappler, https://www.rappler.com/nation/13837-it-s-not-e-martial-law.
- 3For crimes against public order, including sedition, see https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/acts/act_3815_noyear.html.
- 4“An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws – Act No. 3815,” The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/PHL_revise….
- 5Nestle Semilla, “Cebu optometrist faces raps for allegedly spreading fake news on virus,” Inquirer.net, February 16, 2020, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1229462/cebu-optometrist-faces-raps-for-a….
- 6For the text of the law, see https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/03mar/20200324-RA-114….
- 7Senate of the Philippines, 18th Congress, “Anti-False Content Act,” July 1, 2019, http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/2624822593!.pdf.
- 8Seventeenth Congress of the Republic of the Philippines, “SB No. 1492,” June 21, 2017, https://www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/2624822593!.pdf; Ellen T. Tordesillas, "Opinion: SEA lawyers groups call on Senate not to pass Villanueva bill on fake news," ABS-CBN News, November 23, 2017, http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/11/23/17/opinion-sea-lawyers-gro….
- 9“Republic Act No. 11479,” Congress of the Philippines, 2019, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/06jun/20200703-RA-114….
- 10“FMA denounces guilty verdict on Rappler’s Maria Ressa and Rey Santos, Jr.,” Foundation for Media Alternatives, June 15, 2020, https://www.fma.ph/2020/06/15/statement-fma-denounces-guilty-verdict-on….
- 11See Statement of Center Law Manila available at https://www.facebook.com/centerlaw.philippines.
- 12“CenterLaw, Vera files and Lyceum law profs assail anti-terrorism law,” Phil Star, August 10, 2020, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/08/10/2034221/centerlaw-vera-fi…; Tetch Torres-Tupas, “Executive, legislative given 10 days to comment on petitions vs anti-terror law,” INQUIRER.net, July 7, 2020, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1303296/anti-terror-story.
Are individuals penalized for online activities? | 3.003 6.006 |
Journalists and ordinary users continued to face criminal and civil penalties for their online activities, most often under libel laws, a trend that has deepened since Duterte took power in 2016. More users were arrested for their social media posts about COVID-19, including for speech that simply criticized government officials. Over the coverage period, people were arrested and spurious charges have been brought in what presents as forms of intimidation and harassment (see C7).
A number of libel cases have targeted news site Rappler.1 In February 2019, the Regional Trial Court issued an arrest order for Rappler CEO Maria Ressa and former researcher Reynaldo Santos Jr. on charges of cyberlibel under the 2012 Cybercrime Prevention Act.2 The charges stem from a complaint filed by businessman Wilfredo Keng against the outlet in late 2017, over a 2012 story by Santos suggesting Keng’s involvement in murder, human trafficking, and drug smuggling.3 According to a lawyer from the Philippine Internet Freedom Alliance (PIFA), since the Cybercrime Prevention Act was passed after the story’s publication, the law should not apply to Rappler and its story about Keng. The NBI, however, claimed that the article falls under the theory of “continuous publication,” where it can be assumed that Keng saw the story only after the law was passed.4 In June 2020, after the coverage period, a Manila court found Ressa and Santos guilty, sentencing them to an indeterminate penalty of imprisonment ranging from six months and one day to six years, as well as fines.5 The two appealed the verdict later that month.6 In February 2020, Keng filed a second cyberlibel suit against Ressa over a social media post she made in earlier that month, which included screenshots of the 2002 Philippine Star article that originally linked him to a murder case (see B2).7
Several users were arrested for offenses related to their online activities amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Between March and April 2020, the police arrested at least 32 people for allegedly spreading false information related to the virus.8 In early April, over a dozen individuals received NBI subpoenas for their social media activities.9 In March 2020, Latigo News TV owner Mario Batuigas and online reporter Amor Virata were charged by the police for allegedly spreading false information after they shared a local mayor’s social media posts about the virus.10
In April 2020, film writer Maria Victoria Beltran was arrested without a warrant, and charged with inciting to sedition for posting a satirical remark on her social media account. In a social media post, Beltran said that the city of Cebu was the pandemic “epicenter in the whole Solar System.” Mayor Edgardo Labella accused the artist of spreading false news and instilling fear among other people.11 Beltran, who was released on bail, sued Labella and police officers for violating her rights during the arrest and detention.12 Beltran was charged under the Cybercrime Law, RA 11469, and Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases.; if convicted, she faces 18 years’ imprisonment and a 1 million peso ($19,650) fine.
In February 2020, an optometrist from Cebu was charged with violating Article 154 of the Revised Penal Code for allegedly spreading false news on social media about a COVID-19-related death.13 In March 2020, a teacher and her son were arrested for inciting sedition and disobedience to authority, respectively, after the teacher criticized the local government for its food aid distribution policies and allowing residents of General Santos City to go hungry during a COVID-19 lockdown.14
Politicians have filed online libel cases against journalists, bloggers, and ordinary users. In February 2019, then Quezon City Vice Mayor Joy Belmonte filed libel and cyberlibel complaints against Saksi Ngayon reporter Joel Amongo for an article accusing Belmonte of corruption.15 In July 2018, blogger Eduardo “Cocoy” Dayao was charged with cyberlibel under the Cybercrime Prevention Act after a complaint was filed by Senate President Vicente Sotto. The complaint came after Dayao posted an article that criticized seven senators for not signing a resolution calling for the government to end the killing of minors.16 The case against Dayao was ongoing at the end of the coverage period.
Then senator Antonio Trillanes, a vocal critic of Duterte, filed a libel complaint against Duterte supporter and blogger RJ Nieto for posting “false and derogatory” statements on his Facebook account in 2017, which accused Trillanes of being a drug dealer.17 In July 2018, Nieto was indicted in the case.18 Hearings were scheduled for December 2019 and January 2020, but no update to the case was available within the coverage period.
- 1Lian Buan, “LIST: Cases vs Maria Ressa, Rappler directors, staff since 2018,” Rappler, July 9, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/223968-list-cases-filed-against-maria-re….
- 2Lian Buan, “LIST: Cases vs Maria Ressa, Rappler directors, staff since 2018,” Rappler, July 9, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/223968-list-cases-filed-against-maria-re….
- 3Martin Petty and Neil Jerome Morales, “Philippines frees journalist on bail after global outcry over press freedom,” Reuters, February 13, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-media/philippines-frees-….
- 4Anjo Alimario, "Group defends Rappler in online libel case," CNN Philippines, January 20, 2018, http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/20/group-defends-rappler-in-onli….
- 5Rebecca Ratcliffe, “Journalist Maria Ressa found guilty of ‘cyberlibel’ in Philippines,” The Guardian, June 15, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/15/maria-ressa-rappler-edito…; Raissa Robles, “Philippine journalist Maria Ressa prepares for jail, even as she fights cyber libel conviction,” South China Morning Post, June 17, 2020, https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3089318/philippine-journa…; Human Rights Watch, “Philippines: Rappler Verdict a Blow to Media Freedom,” June 15, 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/15/philippines-rappler-verdict-blow-me….
- 6Kristine Joy Patag, “Ressa, Santos appeal cyberlibel conviction,” Philstar, June 29, 2020, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/06/29/2024437/ressa-santos-appe….
- 7Lian Buan, “Keng sues Ressa for cyber libel anew over a 2019 tweet,” Rappler, June 19, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/264257-keng-sues-ressa-cyber-libel-anew-….
- 8Philippine National Police, “32 Persons nabbed for fake news on social media,” April 7, 2020, http://pnp.gov.ph/index.php/news-and-information/3682-32-persons-nabbed….
- 9Tetch Torres-Tupas, “NBI summons more than a dozen people over COVID-19 social media posts,” INQUIRER.net, April 2, 2020, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1252807/nbi-summons-more-than-a-dozen-peo….
- 10“PNP files complaint vs Cavite town mayor for ‘causing coronavirus scare,’” Rappler, March 28, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/256209-pnp-files-criminal-charges-novele….
- 11Gabriela Baron, “Cebu writer arrested for satirical Facebook post named Freedom of Speech awardee,” Manila Bulletin, May 7, 2020, https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/05/07/cebu-writer-arrested-for-satirical-fa….
- 12Ryan Macasero, “Cebu artist Bambi Beltran sues Mayor Edgar Labella, cops for rights violation,” Rappler, June 19, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/263161-cebu-artist-bambi-beltran-sues-ed….
- 13Nestle Semilla, “Cebu optometrist faces raps for allegedly spreading fake news on virus,” Inquirer.net, February 16, 2020, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1229462/cebu-optometrist-faces-raps-for-a….
- 14“Teacher, son arrested without warrant in GenSan over Facebook post,” Rappler, March 28, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/256157-teacher-son-arrested-without-warr….
- 15Janvic Mateo, "Belmonte files libel case vs Morato, tabloid execs," Philippine Star, February 19, 2019, https://www.philstar.com/nation/2019/02/19/1894984/belmonte-files-libel….
- 16"Blogger indicted in Sotto libel case," ASEAN Breaking News, July 28, 2019, https://www.aseanbreakingnews.com/2018/07/blogger-indicted-in-sotto-lib….
- 17"Blogger RJ Nieto ordered charged for cyber-libel in 'defaming' Trillanes," GMA News Online, June 30, 2018, http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/658756/prosecutor-oks-cyber-….
- 18"Pro-administration blogger indicted for cyber libel vs Trillanes," CNN Philippines, July 1, 2018, https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/06/30/thinking-pinoy-cyber-libel-t….
Does the government place restrictions on anonymous communication or encryption? | 4.004 4.004 |
There are no restrictions on anonymous communication or encryption in the Philippines. The government does not require user registration for internet and mobile access, and prepaid services are widely available, even in small neighborhood stores. There are legislative initiatives in both houses of Congress aimed at preventing mobile phone–aided terrorism and criminal activities that seek SIM card registration systems.1 The Senate bill called for a limit on the number of prepaid SIM cards an individual can register in the system, and would require registered owners of SIM cards to be at least 15 years of age.2
- 1Ben R. Rosario, "SIM card registration bill's approval seen," Manila Bulletin, March 2, 2018, https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/03/02/sim-card-registration-bills-approval-….
- 2Section 4 of Senate Bill No. 236 filed by Sen. Vicente Sotto III full text of which is available at http://senate.gov.ph/lisdata/3049827372!.pdf, and Section 4 of Senate Bill No. 693 filed by Sen. Francis Pangilinan, full text of which is available at http://senate.gov.ph/lisdata/3107127969!.pdf.
Does state surveillance of internet activities infringe on users’ right to privacy? | 3.003 6.006 |
Despite constitutional protections to ensure the privacy of communications, surveillance is a growing concern in the Philippines.
Recent leaked documents suggested the government’s intentions to procure hardware and software for communications surveillance.1 In February 2018, reporting revealed that the British government sold high-tech spying equipment worth £150,000 ($190,000) to the Philippines, including IMSI-catchers, also known as stingrays, which are used to listen to telephone conversations, and surveillance tools to monitor internet activity.2 In 2014, the Philippine government reportedly acquired radio frequency test equipment (RFTE) from an electronic surveillance company based in Germany.3 The Department of National Defense (DND) claimed that there was nothing unusual about the acquisition of RFTE, which officials described as necessary to protect national security.
Concerns about surveillance grew when Duterte admitted to wiretapping politicians allegedly involved in the drug trade during a visit to Marawi in 2017.4 Duterte implied that the government possessed wiretapping or interception capabilities again in February 2018, when he said he knew in advance that the International Criminal Court (ICC) would undertake an initial review of allegations that he committed crimes against humanity while conducting the brutal war on drugs.5 Human rights groups and those opposed to the war on drugs, such as Catholic priests, have suspected that their communications are vulnerable to government surveillance.6
The Human Security Act of 2007 allows for law enforcement to “listen to, intercept and record, with the use of any mode, form, kind or type of electronic or other surveillance equipment or intercepting and tracking devices,” those who are charged with or suspected of terrorism.7 Under the act, law enforcement officials must obtain a court order to carry out such surveillance activities.8 However, the law includes a broad definition of terrorism and critics argue that it is susceptible to abuse.9
The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020,10 which amends the Human Security Act of 2007, was signed by the president in early July, after the end of the coverage period, and become law 15 days after it was signed (see C2).11 The law expands the definition of terrorism, and allows law enforcement and the military to conduct surveillance for a longer period of time, among other provisions. A person suspected of a terrorist act can be subjected to surveillance of any form of communication for up to 60 days, and that surveillance can be extended for another 30 days.12 Those suspected of supporting a terrorist organization can also be subjected to surveillance. There is much fear among civil society groups and critics that the law could be used to surveil critics of the government, including left-wing groups that are often tagged as terrorists (see C7).13
Authorities have increased their capacity to monitor social media platforms. In January 2019, the DICT contracted with local company Integrated Computer Systems, Inc. and Israeli-American company Verint Systems, Ltd. for the department’s new Cybersecurity Management System (CMS), which will include a social-media monitoring component. Monitoring will be conducted in “near real time” to identify misinformation and other threats, including during election periods.14 Similarly, the Armed Forces of the Philippines created a social media monitoring cell in October 2018, receiving training from the US Army on how to monitor platforms to “counter misinformation by violent extremism organizations.”15
In February 2020, the deputy chief for operations of the Philippine National Police (PNP) encouraged police officers to be more active on social media to aid in crime prevention efforts. The statement followed an earlier order by the PNP’s chief to monitor crimes and abuses on social media.16 The police are also monitoring social posts that spread false information.17
In November 2018, the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) contracted with the China International Telecommunication Construction Corporation (CITCC) to implement the Safe Philippines Project and install 12,000 surveillance cameras in the Manila metropolitan area and Davao.18 Huawei would have provided technology to support the project, as well. In January 2019, Senator Ralph Recto filed a resolution calling for a probe of the project over concerns about Chinese companies’ alleged espionage and hacking.19 In February 2019, lawmakers declined to provide the necessary funding to the project—$400 million—due to these concerns.20 However, Duterte later vetoed the lawmakers’ decision to block the funding in May 2019 and placed the project under “conditional implementation.”21
The Safe Philippines Project was then launched by the DILG in November 2019 in Marikina.22 In January 2020, opposition senator Leila de Lima filed a resolution calling for an inquiry over China’s involvement in the project.23
- 1Foundation for Media Alternatives, Tiktik: An Overview of the Philippine Surveillance Landscape, September 2015, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3868536-TIKTIK-an-Overview-of-t….
- 2Hannah Ellis-Petersen, "Britain sold spying gear to Philippines despite Duterte's brutal drugs war," The Guardian, February 21, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/21/britain-sold-spying-gear-….
- 3Ibid.
- 4"Duterte admits wiretapping alleged narcopoliticians," CNN Philippines, September 23, 2017, http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/09/23/president-rodrigo-duterte-wir….
- 5Duterte said that a foreign country provided him with recordings of a phone conversation between Loida Lewis, a critic of the president based in the US, and another person in the Philippines, see Virgil Lopez, "Duterte links Loida Lewis to ICC probe, she denies his info from 'foreign country'," GMA News, February 12, 2018, http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/643104/duterte-links-loida-l….
- 6Jodesz Gavilan and Sofia Tomacruz, “Prone to abuse: State surveillance as a tool to silence critics,” Rappler, March 18, 2018, https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/198128-philippines-governmen…; “2 human rights activists shot dead in Sorsogon,” CNN Philippines, June 16, 2019, https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2019/6/16/karapatan-human-rights-ac….
- 7Global Information Society Watch, 2014 – Communications Surveillance in the Digital age, 2014, https://giswatch.org/en/country-report/communications-surveillance/phil….
- 8Congress of the Philippines, Rep. Act 9372, “Human Security Act,” February 19, 2007, https://www.senate.gov.ph/republic_acts/ra%209372.pdf.
- 9“Philippines: proposed amendments to the Human Security Act of 2007 a license for human rights violations,” International Commission of Jurists, June 24, 2018, https://www.icj.org/philippines-proposed-amendments-to-the-human-securi….
- 10The final form of Senate bill no. 1083, which was adopted by the congress, can be found at http://senate.gov.ph/lisdata/3163229242!.pdf.
- 11Arianne Merez, “Duterte signs into law anti-terror bill despite growing opposition,” ABS-CBN News, July 3, 2020, https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/03/20/duterte-signs-into-law-anti-terr….
- 12A copy of Senate Bill No. 1083 or the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 is available in https://www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/3163229242!.pdf.
- 13Raissa Robles, “Could Duterte critics be target of Philippines anti-terror law?,” SCMP, March 3, 2020, https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3064656/could-duterte-c…; Melissa Luz Lopez, “Anti-terrorism bill problematic even under the best government leaders – Hontiveros,” CNN Philippines, July 3, 2020, https://www.cnn.ph/news/2020/7/3/anti-terrorism-bill-problematic-across….
- 14Miguel R. Camus, “Israeli surveillance firm to build PH cybersecurity platform,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, January 17, 2019, https://technology.inquirer.net/82783/israeli-surveillance-firm-to-buil….
- 15“Embassy Supports Philippine Army Social Media Cell,” U.S. Embassy in the Philippines, October 3, 2018, https://ph.usembassy.gov/embassy-supports-philippine-army-social-media-…; “US trains Philippine soldiers on social media monitoring,” Philstar, October 3, 2018, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/10/03/1856933/us-trains-philipp….
- 16Christopher Lloyd Caliwan, “Cops urged to utilize social media as part of anti-crime efforts,” Philippine News Agency, February 14, 2020, https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1093722.
- 17Christopher Lloyd Caliwan, “PNP to go after purveyors of fake news on social media,” Philippine News Agency, March 23, 2020, https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1097458.
- 18“DILG: Safe Philippines project will improve police response time, deter and reduce crime,” Department of the Interior and Local Government, December 17, 2018, https://dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-Safe-Philippines-project-will-improve-pol….
- 19Patricia Lourdes Viray, “Senate probe into “Safe Philippines’ project sought,” PhilStar, January 17, 2019, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/01/17/1885871/senate-probe-safe….
- 20“Huawei’s Video Surveillance Business Hits Snag in Philippines,” The Wall Street Journal, February 20, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/huaweis-video-surveillance-business-hits-s….
- 21Bernadette D. Nicolas, “Duterte vetoes budget restriction on funding,” Business Mirror, May 6, 2019, https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/05/06/duterte-vetoes-budget-restrict….
- 22Ana Felicia Bajo, “DILG launches ‘Safe Philippines’ project in Metro Manila cities,” GMA News Online, November 22, 2020, https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/metro/716434/dilg-launches-safe-ph….
- 23Franc Luna, “Probe into Safe Philippines CCTV project sought,” PhilStar, January 5, 2020, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/05/1982217/probe-safe-philip….
Are service providers and other technology companies required to aid the government in monitoring the communications of their users? | 4.004 6.006 |
In general, technology companies are not required to aid the government in monitoring the communications of their users, although there are some data retention requirements.
In 2015, the government issued rules under the Cybercrime Prevention Act, clarifying some sections of the law that pertain to surveillance. Under its provisions, ISPs must collect and preserve data for up to six months on request. Law enforcement authorities tasked with investigating cybercrime—the NBI and the PNP’s cybercrime unit—require a court order to access computer data.1
The Data Privacy Act of 2012 established parameters for the collection of personal financial information, as well as an independent privacy regulator.2 Other laws with implications for user privacy include the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, which explicitly states that it does not “require an ISP to engage in the monitoring of any user,”3 though it does require them to “obtain” and “preserve” evidence of violations, and threatens to revoke the licenses of noncompliant ISPs. The law also authorizes local government units to oversee and regulate commercial establishments that provide internet services.
- 1Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, “Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 10175,” August 12, 2015, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/08/12/implementing-rules-and-re…; “Philippine Government Issues Implementing Rules Under Cybercrime Law - Part I,” B:Inform, March 31, 2016, http://web.archive.org/web/20190214073829/http://www.bakerinform.com/ho….
- 2Alec Christie and Arthur Cheuk, “Australia: New tough privacy regime in the Philippines Data Privacy Act signed into law,” Mondaq, October 27, 2012, http://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/203136/Data+Protection+Privacy/privac…; Republic of the Philippines, National Privacy Commission, “Rep. Act 10173,” National Privacy Commission, https://www.privacy.gov.ph/data-privacy-act/; Janette Toral, “Salient Features of Data Privacy Act of 2012 – Republic Act 10173,” Digital Filipino, December 17, 2012, https://digitalfilipino.com/salient-features-of-data-privacy-act-of-201….
- 3University of Minnesota, Human Rights Library, Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 9775, 2009, http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/Philippines/IRR%20%20of%20the%20Anti%….
Are individuals subject to extralegal intimidation or physical violence by state authorities or any other actor in retribution for their online activities? | 3.003 5.005 |
Journalists and rights activists, especially women, have been targets of increasing online intimidation and harassment in recent years.1 Red-tagging, a form of harassment whereby targets are accused of having links with local communist groups, has increased during the coverage period.
Independent and critical online outlets and journalists are subjected to sustained harassment by both progovernment social media accounts and authorities. Days after Ressa was arrested in February 2019, two supporters of the president filmed themselves on Facebook Live sneaking into Rappler’s office and unfurling a sign that condemned the outlet for allegedly destroying the Philippines’ reputation. The video was widely shared by Duterte supporters as well as groups supporting government-friendly senatorial candidates. Some viewers of the video also posted disturbing comments, including calls for the Rappler office to be bombed and for Ressa to be sexually assaulted.2 Attacks against the fact-checking outlet Vera Files escalated after it partnered with Facebook in its fact-checking project in April 2018.3
In June 2019, Margarita “Gingging” Valle, a journalist for the online news outlet Davao Today, was arrested on charges that included murder. Valle was not allowed to contact a lawyer or her family for 8 hours and was detained for a total of 12 hours. Police then released her, saying her arrest was a case of “mistaken identity.”4
Red-tagging or red-baiting has become a more common form of harassment and intimidation under the Duterte administration. Frenchiemae Cumpio, executive director of the online media outfit Eastern Vista, was arrested in a joint raid by the military and police in February 2020. Cumpio, along with four others, were accused of illegal possession of firearms.5 She remained under detention at the end of the coverage period, after a judge denied a motion to quash a search warrant in late June 2020.6 In October 2019, Anne Kreuger of the alternative media site Paghimutad was arrested on the same charges.7 In August 2019, two Mindanao journalists were accused of maintaining links with the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP).8
Journalists and others also get red-tagged publicly on social media.9 In April 2020, a 2013 photo of female journalists conducting a media safety training session surfaced on social media; however, the description claims that one of the photographed women, who works with ABS-CBN, actually has links with local communist groups.10 Separately, police in Butuan City posted a photo that named several organizations as communist groups on Facebook, while police in Baguio named several left-wing groups as terrorists on Twitter.11
After the coverage period, hundreds and potentially thousands of dummy Facebook accounts were found to impersonate student activists and journalists, among others (see B5). Some of the targets reported that death threats and messages threatening sexual violence were sent from the accounts, as well as other incendiary and violent messages. While the motive behind the accounts remained unclear, some have suggested they were created for the purposes of intimidation and harassment.12
Those criticizing Duterte’s war on drugs have also faced harassment and intimidation. In February 2019, Bishop Pablo Virgilio David of Caloocan, an outspoken critic of the drug war and its abuses, reportedly received text messages that he “was next in line for execution.”13
Violence against journalists and activists is a significant problem in the Philippines, although not directly in relation to their online activity. In August 2019, Brandon Lee, an American journalist for the English-language newspaper and website Nordis, was shot and critically wounded by unidentified assailants in the town of Lagawe. In the past, Lee reported on government corruption and rights violations, was allegedly surveilled and harassed by the military, and labelled an “enemy of the state” on social media.14 The CPJ reported that 83 Philippine journalists were killed in relation to their work—most covering political issues like corruption—between 1992 and 2019.15 Attackers generally enjoy impunity.
- 1Kristine Sabillo, "Better or worse? The state of Philippine media according to watchdogs," ABS-CBN News, January 2, 2019, https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/01/02/19/better-or-worse-the-state-of-ph….
- 2"Duterte supporters call for attacks on Rappler newsroom, journalists," Rappler, February 21, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/224115-duterte-supporters-call-for-attac….
- 3“These fact-checkers were attacked online after partnering with Facebook,” Poynter, September 10, 2018, https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/these-fact-checkers-were-att….
- 4Carolyn O. Arguillas, “PNP on Valle’s arrest: ‘mistaken identity’,” Minda News, June 9, 2019, https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2019/06/pnp-on-valles-arrest-mist…; Gaea Katreena Cabico, “’Clear state target’: Valle’s family not buying PNP’s claim that Davao journo was ‘mistakenly’ arrested,” PhilStar, June 11, 2019, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/06/11/1925564/clear-state-targe…; “Mistaken identity? Journalist Margarita Valle 'clear state target,' says family,” Rappler, June 11, 2019, https://rappler.com/nation/family-statement-davao-journalist-margarita-….
- 5“Altermediya correspondent, 4 human rights leaders arrested in Tacloban,” Rappler, February 7, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/nation/251243-arrest-altermidya-correspondent-h….
- 6Emily Vital, “Judge junks motion filed by lawyers of Tacloban journalist, 2 others,” Bulatlat, June 24, 2020, https://www.bulatlat.com/2020/06/24/judge-junks-motion-filed-by-lawyers….
- 7Ronalyn V. Olea, “Bayan Muna, Gabriela, NSFW offices in Bacolod being raided,” Bulatlat, October 31, 2019, https://www.bulatlat.com/2019/10/31/bayan-muna-gabriela-nfsw-offices-in….
- 8Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, “Adding red-baiting to the perils of truth-telling,” September 20, 2019, https://cmfr-phil.org/press-freedom-protection/adding-red-baiting-to-th….
- 9“De Lima seeks inquiry into PNP red-tagging of activists,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 30, 2020, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1299324/de-lima-seeks-inquiry-into-pnp-re….
- 10Carolyn O. Arguillas, “Mindanews’ 2013 photo on media safety training maliciously used to red-tag journo in 2020,” Minda News, May 15, 2020, https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2020/05/mindanews-2013-photo-on-m….
- 11Franco Luna, “PNP ‘art’ tags activists as terrorists amid debate on anti-terrorism bill,” PhilStar, June 8, 2020, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/06/08/2019480/pnp-art-tags-acti….
- 12William Wan, “Death threats, clone accounts: Another day fighting trolls in the Philippines,” June 8, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/facebook-trolls-phili….
- 13Paterno Esmaquel II, "Bishop critical of Duterte drug war gets death threats," Rappler, February 26, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/nation/224414-bishop-pablo-david-gets-death-thr….
- 14“America journalist shot, critically wounded in Philippines,” Committee to Protect Journalists, August 9, 2019, https://cpj.org/2019/08/american-journalist-shot-critically-wounded-in-….
- 15Committee to Protect Journalists, “83 Journalists Killed in Philippines between 1992 and 2019 / Motive Confirmed,” September 3, 2020, https://cpj.org/data/killed/asia/philippines/?status=Killed&motiveConfi….
Are websites, governmental and private entities, service providers, or individual users subject to widespread hacking and other forms of cyberattack? | 1.001 3.003 |
Technical attacks targeting media groups continued during the coverage period, with over 17 cases of DDoS attacks against alternative news outlets reported in recent years.1 Swedish nonprofit media foundation Qurium reported that Nordis, the news outlet that shooting victim Brandon Lee worked with (see C7), and the Philippine Human Rights Information Center (PHRIC) were targeted with DDoS attacks in April 2020.2 In February 2020, at the height of ABS-CBN franchise-renewal discussion, employees of the network reported receiving a Google alert warning them of possible government-backed hacking attempts.3
Beginning in December 2018, the alternative media outlets Bulatlat, Kodao Productions, Pinoy Weekly, and AlterMidya reported experiencing a series of DDoS attacks.4 In January 2019, Bulatlat was targeted again by DDoS attacks, following the publication of a report criticizing the government’s efforts to lower the age of criminal liability, as well as a report on the release of a National Democratic Front of the Philippines (NDFP) peace consultant from prison.5
In the beginning of 2019, the websites of Manila Today and the NUJP were also subjected to similar attacks. In a joint editorial on Bulatlat’s website, the outlets blamed the government for the attacks.6 In March 2019, four media groups—the Alipato Media Center, Kodao Productions, AlterMidya, and the Pinoy Media Center—filed a case before the Quezon City Regional Trial Court against two companies they believe were responsible for the attacks.7 In February 2020, the groups withdrew the charges against the companies after they agreed to support press freedom and establish mechanisms to prevent similar situations in the future.8
Government accounts and websites also experience technical attacks. In January 2020, the official Instagram account of the PCOO was hacked.9 In April 2020, the website of the public information office of Pasig City was reportedly hacked.10 Pornographic photographs were posted on the website, which was quickly restored. A day after the incident, the website of the Philippines Graphic, a literary magazine, was also hacked, and URLs on the website redirected users to pornographic websites.11
- 1"The State of Philippine media, under Duterte," Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, May 3, 2019, https://pcij.org/article/1596/the-state-of-philippine-media-under-duter….
- 2“DDOS Attacks against websites in the Philippines during Covid-19,” Qurium – The Media Foundation, May 2020, https://www.qurium.org/alerts/philippines/attacks-against-websites-in-t….
- 3ABS-CBN News, “Some ABS-CBN employees get alert on ‘government-backed’ hack attempt,” ABS-CBN News, February 21, 2020, https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/21/20/google-warns-some-abs-cbn-employ….
- 4“Groups denounce continuous cyberattacks against independent media in the Philippines,” Global Voices, March 13, 2019, https://advox.globalvoices.org/2019/03/14/groups-denounce-continuous-cy….
- 5Jannes Ann Ellao, "What you need to know about the ongoing cyber-attacks vs. alternative news Bulatlat," Bulatlat, February 17, 2019, https://www.bulatlat.com/2019/02/07/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-ong….
- 6Ronalyn V. Olea, “Pooled editorial | Overcome cyber martial law,” Bulatlat, March 12, 2019, https://www.bulatlat.com/2019/03/12/pooled-editorial-overcome-cyber-mar….
- 7Jee Y. Geronimo and Victor Barreiro Jr, "Alternative media groups file civil case amid cyberattacks," Rappler, March 29, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/technology/news/226968-alternative-media-groups….
- 8Janess Ann J. Ellao, “Alternative media groups, IT companies settle cyberattack case,” Bulatlat.com, February 24, 2020, https://www.bulatlat.com/2020/02/24/alternative-media-groups-it-compani….
- 9Catalina Ricci S. Madarang, “Official Instagram account of PCOO became the latest target of hacking,” Interaksyon, January 8, 2020, https://www.interaksyon.com/trends-spotlights/2020/01/08/159985/officia….
- 10Catherine Gonzales, “Twitter account of Pasig info office hacked,” INQUIRER.net, April 17, 2020, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1260250/hacking-of-pasig-city-pios-twitte….
- 11Ratziel San Juan, “Philippines Graphic website hacked; editor slams ‘crime against free speech’,” Philstar, April 18, 2020, https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/04/18/2008156/philippines-graph….


Country Facts
-
Global Freedom Score
58 100 partly free -
Internet Freedom Score
61 100 partly free -
Freedom in the World Status
Partly Free -
Networks Restricted
Yes -
Websites Blocked
No -
Pro-government Commentators
Yes -
Users Arrested
Yes